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. 2015 Apr 15;16(4):8415–8429. doi: 10.3390/ijms16048415

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Silibinin induces autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. (A) Cells were treated with indicated doses of silibinin (SB) for 24 h and the protein levels of p-AMPKα, p-ACC, p-Raptor, p-mTOR, p-S6K, and p-4E-BP1 were checked. RCC cells were pre-incubated with AMPK inhibitor Compound C (Com C, 5 μM) (B) or activator AICAR (1 mM) (C) for 4 h and then treated with silibinin (50 μM) for 24 h. The levels of p-AMPKα, p-mTOR, and LC3-I/II were examined. Blots are representative of three separate experiments. Error bars represent SDs. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.