Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 8.
Published in final edited form as: Heart Rhythm. 2014 Nov 18;12(1):e5–e29. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.11.011

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Overview of the proteostasis network, related signaling pathways, and modifiers. The physiologic and functional state of cells, including atrial myocytes, is related to proteome function, which is managed by the proteostasis network. The proteostasis network includes central pathways involved in the degradation of “old” proteins, the synthesis of new proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the folding and trafficking of native proteins. Central pathways regulated by signaling pathways that are activated during stresses such as AF include the heat shock factor 1-induced heat shock response, ER stress, the unfolded protein responses (UPR), activation of histone deacetylase 6-(HDAC6), and systemic inflammation. Genetic variants, caloric restriction, metabolic load, and physiologic stresses can modify the proteostasis network.