| Atrial ectopy |
Calcium-dependent calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitors |
| Suppression of atrial myocyte oxidant production |
| Selective late sodium channel blockers |
| Modulation of ryanodine receptor oxidation/phosphorylation |
| Atrial fibrosis |
Inhibition of renin–angiotensin II–aldosterone, endothelin-1 and transforming growth factor-β signaling pathways |
| Modulation of fibroblast ion channels |
| Anti-inflammatory/antioxidant/antifibrotic drugs to attenuate fibroblast activation, proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation |
| miRNA targeting of profibrotic signaling pathways |
| Proteostasis/microtubule modulation |
Modulation of heat shock protein/chaperone abundance |
| Modulation of proteosome activity |
| Suppression of atrial amyloid production/aggregation |
| Modulation of microtubule stability/subcellular targeting |
