. 2015 Apr 14;7(4):2801–2822. doi: 10.3390/nu7042801

Table 1.

Overview of human and animal studies investigating the effects of beetroot and its derivatives on oxidative stress and inflammation.

Authors	Cohort under Investigation	Dosage	Antioxidant Capacity of Treatment	Duration	Toxic inducing Protocol	Inflammation	Oxidative Stress	Enzymatic Antioxidant Activity
[54]	48 male wistar rats	Beetroot juice delivered by gavage (8 mL∙kg∙bm∙day⁻¹; ≈1.92 mL∙day⁻¹)	23.5 μmol Trolox equivalents∙mL⁻¹	28 days	Intraperitoneal injection of CCl₄ (2 mL∙kg∙bm⁻¹) or NDEA (150 mL∙kg∙bm⁻¹)	N/A	TBARS ↓ PC ↓ DNA damage ↓	SOD ↑ GPX ↑ CAT ↑ GR ↑
[63]	80 male ICR mice	Betalains from beetroot delivered orally (0, 5, 20 and 80 mg∙kg∙bm∙day⁻¹; ≈0–1.44 mg∙day⁻¹)	N/A	30 days	Exposed to cobalt-60-γ-gamma radiation (6.0 Gy, 1.5 Gy min⁻¹)	N/A	MDA ↓	SOD ↑ CAT ↑ GSH ↑
[64]	24 male wistar rats	Beetroot juice delivered by gavage (8 mL∙kg∙bm∙day⁻¹)	N/A	28 days	Intraperitoneal injection of NDEA (150 mL∙kg∙bm⁻¹)	LDH ↓ AST ↓ ALT ↓	DNA damage ↓	GST ↑
[27]	10 osteoarthritic patients	Capsules made from beetroot extract delivered orally (70–200 mg∙day⁻¹)	N/A	10 days	N/A	TNF-α ↓ IL-6 ↓ RANTES ↓ GRO-α ↓	AOPP ↓	N/A
[23]	48 albino wistar rats	Beetroot pomace extract delivered intraperitoneally (1–3 mL∙kg∙bm∙day⁻¹; ≈0.2–0.6 ml∙day⁻¹)	N/A	7 days	Intraperitoneal injection of CCl₄ (2 mL∙kg∙bm⁻¹)	N/A	MDA ↓	GSH ↑ GSHPx ↑ GR ↑ CAT ↑
[65]	24 albino wistar rats	Extracts of fresh beetroot delivered orally (250 and 500 mg∙kg∙bm∙day⁻¹; ≈45–90 mg∙day⁻¹)	90.1% radical inhibition in the DPPH• assay (500 μg∙mL⁻¹)	28 days	Intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin (8 mg∙kg∙bm⁻¹ for 8 days)	IL-6 ↓ TNF-α ↓ MPO ↓ NF-κB ↓	MDA ↓	CAT ↑ NP-SH ↑
[58]	24 female Sprague-dawley rats	Beetroot juice delivered by gavage (8 mL∙kg∙bm∙day⁻¹; ≈1.92 mL∙day⁻¹)	N/A	28 days	Intraperitoneal injection of DMBA (10 mg∙kg∙bm⁻¹ for 2 days)	LDH ↓ ALT↓	N/A	GST ↑ NQO1 ↑

NDEA, N-nitrosodiethylamine; GST, glutathione S-transferase; RANTES, regulated upon activation normal T cell growth; GRO-α, regulated oncogene-alpha; CCl₄ carbon tetrachloride; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSHPx, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-alpha; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive species; PC, protein carbonyls; SOD, superoxide dismutase; ICR, imprinting control region; MDA, Malondialdehyde; CAT, catalase; AOPP, advanced oxidation protein products; IL-6, interleukin-6. Gy, gray unit; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; MPO, myeloperoxidase. NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; NP-SH, non-protein sulfhydryl; DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene; NQO1, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1.