Table 3.
Determinants of disease biomarkers
| Model | Crude B (95.0% CI) | Adjusted B (95.0% CI) | Adjusted B (95.0% CI) | Significance | Adjusted R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c | n=441* | n=441** | |||
| Intercept | – | – | 9.77 (8.488, 11.053) | <0.0001 | 0.308 |
| MMAS-8 | −0.21 (−0.329, −0.085) | −0.10 (−0.224, 0.018) | −0.11 (−0.224, 0.014) | 0.082 | |
| CBG | n=613† | n=613†† | |||
| Intercept | – | – | 14.83 (11.526, 18.128) | <0.0001 | 0.110 |
| PHQ-9 | 0.07 (0.010, 0.139) | 0.01 (−0.067, 0.077) | 0.01 (−0.068, 0.077) | 0.900 | |
| MMAS-8 | −0.22 (−0.419, −0.029) | −0.11 (−0.311, 0.085) | −0.10 (−0.295, 0.100) | 0.332 | |
| WHOQoL-BREF | −0.06 (−0.107, −0.021) | −0.05 (−0.103, −0.005) | −0.06 (−0.105, −0.007) | 0.024 | |
| SBP | n=623‡ | n=623‡‡ | |||
| Intercept | – | – | 146.97 (136.544, 157.397) | <0.0001 | 0.166 |
| DDS-17 | −0.17 (−0.255, −0.089) | −0.09 (−0.174, −0.008) | −0.08 (−0.161, 0.005) | 0.066 | |
| LDL-C | n=401§ | n=401§§ | |||
| Intercept | – | – | 3.87 (3.018, 4.719) | <0.0001 | 0.052 |
| PHQ-9 | 0.03 (0.007, 0.044) | 0.02 (0.000, 0.044) | 0.02 (−0.001, 0.043) | 0.061 | |
| MMAS-8 | −0.07 (−0.133, −0.015) | −0.04 (−0.110, 0.030) | −0.03 (−0.103, 0.037) | 0.356 | |
| Triglycerides | n=551‖ | n=551‖‖ | |||
| Intercept | – | – | 2.74 (1.809, 3.660) | <0.0001 | 0.073 |
| Physician distress | −0.03 (−0.049, −0.003) | −0.02 (−0.046, −0.001) | −0.02 (−0.046, 0.002) | 0.072 | |
| Total cholesterol | n=569¶ | n=569¶¶ | |||
| Intercept | – | – | 7.06 (5.816, 8.311) | <0.0001 | 0.082 |
| PHQ-9 | 0.04 (0.014, 0.056) | 0.02 (−0.006, 0.043) | 0.01 (−0.011, 0.039) | 0.265 | |
| MMAS-8 | −0.11 (−0.177, −0.046) | −0.07 (−0.139, 0.001) | −0.06 (−0.131, 0.009) | 0.086 | |
| WHOQoL-BREF | −0.02 (−0.030, −0.001) | −0.02 (−0.033, 0.001) | −0.02 (−0.032, 0.001) | 0.070 |
Notes: Variables in the model include:
age, diabetes duration, HPT duration, retinopathy, OHA, insulin;
diabetes duration, HPT, insulin, AHA agents;
age, ethnic, HPT, dyslipidemia, OHA, AHA agents
age, diabetes duration, HPT duration, ischemic heart disease, insulin;
age, gender, employment, OHA, insulin, LLA;
age, OHA, insulin, exercise, ischemic heart disease;
**, ††, ‡‡, §§, ‖‖ and ¶¶In these models, health clinic is added.
Abbreviations: DDS-17, 17-item Diabetes Distress Scale; PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; MMAS-8, 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale; WHOQoL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief 26 items; HPT, hypertension; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; AHA, antihypertensive agent; LLA, lipid-lowering agent; APA, anti-platelet agent; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.