Table 12.

Vaccines against bovine viral diarrhea disease.

Vaccine	Vector	Dosage	Price	Vaccination ages	Immunity	Contraindication	Ref.
Bovilis (Intervet, The Netherlands)	Inactivated BVD virus	Two 2-ml doses im. 4 weeks apart with annual revaccination with single dose	US$21/25 doses (US$0.84/ dose)	8 months	Reduced viral excretion and neutralizing antibodies	fetal protection can be achieved if administered 4 weeks before start of gestation Should not be administered within 21 days to slaughter	[102]
Breed-back™ FP 10 (Boehringer- Ingelheim, UK)	BVD Types 1 and 2, MLV, IBR, PI3 and BRSV, MLV with adjuvant	Two 2-ml doses sc. 14–28 days apart with annual revaccination with single dose	US$9.75/five doses (US$1.95/ dose)	No age restriction, but calves vaccinated before 6 months of age should be revaccinated after 6 months of age	91–100% protection from fetal infection, 14/22 calves free of clinical signs	Should not be vaccinated within 21 days before slaughter Should not use in pregnant cows or in calves nursing pregnant cows	[103]
DNA vaccine (Liang et al. 2008)	Plasmid encoding a truncated secreted version of E2 with a tissue plasminogen activator signal sequence, followed by boosting with E2 protein formulated with 10% Emulsigen, a mineral oil in water emulsion, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide	1 mg of DNA delivered transdermally via needle-free injection, followed by 50 µg of protein	Unknown	8–9 months	Virus-neutralizing antibodies and INF-γ-producing CD4+T cells, reducing leucopenia, no weight loss or temperature response	Unknown	[100]
DNA vaccine (Nobiron et al. 2003)	Plasmid expressing E2 glycoprotein of BVDV	500 µg DNA intradermally	Unknown	3–7 months	Low levels of neutralizing antibodies, elevated T-cell proliferation, reduced febrile responses	Unknown	[101]

BRSV: Bovine respiratory synctitial virus; BVD: Bovine virus diarrhea; BVDV: Bovine virus diarrhea vaccine; IBR: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis; im.: Intramuscular; MLV: Modified live virus; PI₃: Parainfluenza type-3; sc.: Subcutaneous.