Table 13.

Vaccines against Johne’s disease.

Vaccine	Vector	Species	Dosage	Vaccination ages	Immunity	Ref.
Mycopar® (Fort Dodge, KS, USA)	Whole-cell bacterin containing inactivated Mycobacterium paratuberculosis bacteria suspended in oil	Cattle, sheep	Cattle: 0.5 ml sc. Sheep: 1 ml sc.	Calves: less than 35 days Sheep: 3 months	Cattle: ~90% effective in eliminating clinical disease Sheep: specific humoral and cellular responses elicited	[106,107]
Silirum® (Pfizer, NY, USA)	Killed bacteria in mineral oil adjuvant	Cattle, deer	One dose sc. for cattle and deer	Calves: 14 days Deer: 5 months	Cattle: no antibodies. Reduced colonization of tissues by pathogen Deer: reduced severity of disease	[108,109]
DNA vaccine (Kathaperumal et al. 2008)	Four rAgs (85A, 85B, 85C and superoxide dismutase) with two adjuvants (monophosphoryl lipid A and bovine IL-12)	Cattle	100 µg of each antigen and 100 µg of IL-12 im.	5–10 days	Antibodies within 3 weeks; significant IFN-γ production within 11 weeks Significant increases in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells against all four rAgs; rAg-specific expression of IL-2, IL-12 and TNF-α. 4/8 animals did not show bacteria in tissue	[104]
DNA vaccine (Sechi et al. 2005)	Three rAgs (Mycobacterium avium 85A, BCG 85A and 65K)	Sheep	Three doses of 1 mg of each antigen im. 20 days apart	5 months	Increased IFN-γ and IL-10 expression, increased CD4+ T cells Absence of lesions and bacteria in tissues	[105]

Im.: Intramuscular; rAg: Recombinant antigen; sc.: Subcutaneous.