Table 17.

Commercial and DNA vaccines for avian influenza.

Vaccine	Species	Vaccine vector	Dosage	Vaccination age	Protection	Ref.
Poulvac FluFend (Fort Dodge, KS, USA; product label)	Chickens, ducks and turkeys	Inactivated AIV, H5N9 strain A/CK/ltaly/22A/ H5N9/1998 with oil emulsion adjuvant	Chickens: two doses of 0.5 ml im. within 14 days Ducks: two doses of 0.2 ml sc. within 3 weeks Turkeys: three doses of 0.5 ml sc. at 21-day intervals	Chickens: from 2 weeks Ducks: from 1 day Turkeys: from 8 days	Protection against clinical signs and mortality and reduced viral excretion within 3 weeks Significant antibody titers persist in chickens for at least 22 weeks
Nobilis Influenza H5 (Intervet; product brochure, summary of product trials)	Poultry and ducks	Inactivated AIV for various subtypes with oil emulsion adjuvant	Chicken: two doses of 0.5 ml within 4–6 weeks im. or sc. Ducks: 1-ml dose sc.	Chickens: from 1 day	Complete protection in chickens and ducks against virus transmission from infected birds and clinical disease	[67]
Trovac AI H5 (Merial; product label and Bublot et al. 2006)	Chickens, potentially mammals (immunogenic in cats)	Live recombinant fowlpox recombinant expressing the HA gene of AI H5 subtype isolate	Chickens: 0.2 ml sc.	Chickens: from 1 day	Protection within 1 week, lasting 20 weeks, significantly decreased virus shedding	[68]
DNA vaccine (Laddy et al. 2008)	Mice, ferrets and macaques	Set of synthetic consensus DNA constructs encoding AIV A antigens H5HA, H1NA, NP	Mice: three doses of 25 µg 2 weeks apart im. with electroporation Ferrets: three doses of 200 µg 1 month apart im. with electroporation Macaque: two doses of 1 mg 1 month apart im. with electroporation	Mice: 6–8 weeks Ferrets: 4–6 months	Macaques: unknown cellular and humoral immune responses, protection from morbidity and mortality, and reduction of viral shedding in mice and ferrets	[64]
DNA vaccine (Kodihalli et al. 2000)	Chickens	Plasmids encoding HA and NP genes transfixed to gold particles, delivered by gene gun	Two 10-µg doses 3 weeks apart im.	3 weeks	HA plasmids: protection of 86% of chickens NP plasmids: protection of 42% of chickens	[119]
DNA vaccine (Jiang et al. 2007)	Chickens	Plasmids expressing optiHA and wild-type HA genes	One 100-µg dose im.	3 weeks	Antibodies within 1 week, complete protection against challenge	[75]
DNA vaccine (Le Gall-Reculé et al. 2007)	Chickens	Prime–boost: plasmid encoding H7 and M1 viral proteins from an Italian H7N1 LPAI virus	Two 100-µg doses 3 weeks apart	4 weeks	Significant decrease in cloacal and tracheal shedding of virus	[120]

AIV: Avian influenza virus; HA: Hemagglutinin; im.: Intramuscular; LPAI: Low pathogenic avian influenza; NP: Nuclear protein; sc.: Subcutaneous.