Table 4.

Feline immunodeficiencv virus vaccines.

Treatment	Vector	Dosage/price	Immune response	Protection	Ref.
Fel-O-Vax (Fort Dodge)	Inactivated whole viruses of subtype A and subtype D with adjuvant	Three initial doses at 2–3-week intervals with annual revaccination; US$599/50 doses (US$11.98/dose)	Antibodies against whole FIV antigen and r-Gag	Protected 82% preventable fraction
DNA vaccine (Hosie et al. 1998)	Whole FIV genome with in-frame deletion in pol (FIVΔRT) administered with IFN-γ	100 µg im.	CTL responses to FIV Gag and Env in the absence of a serological response	Lower viral load and protection for 4/10 vaccinated	[122]
DNA vaccine (Gupta et al. 2007)	FIV-pPPRΔvif vif deletion mutant carrying a 375-bp deletion within the vif gene + IFN-γ	600 µg im.	Increased FIV-specific T-cell proliferation, no antiviral antibodies	Similar plasma virus loads in vaccinated and control infected cats	[123]
DNA vaccine (Dunham et al. 2002)	FIV with in-frame deletion in either ΔRT or ΔIN genes ±IL-12/18	100 µg im.	Slightly increased CTL responses, no antiviral antibodies	5/18 ΔIN and 2/12 ΔRT protected against challenge with low-virulence FIV; lower viral loads in vaccinated cats infected with more virulent FIV	[124]
Lymphocyte T-cell immune modulator (Imulan)	Glycoprotein that increases leukocyte number and IL-2 production	Weekly injections during first month, every other week during second month, every 4–6 weeks afterwards	Regulator of CD4 lymphocytes and increases IL-2 production	Unknown

CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte; FIV: Feline immunodeficiency virus; im.: Intramuscular; ΔIN: Integrase; ΔRT: Reverse transcriptase.