Table 2.
Least square means and standard errors for all outcome measures
| Control | Experimental | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Post | 3-month | 6-month | Baseline | Post | 3-month | 6-month | |
|
|
||||||||
| Primary Outcomes | ||||||||
|
Cognitions
| ||||||||
| ASEQ | ||||||||
| Mean score |
5.54(0.16) | 5.55(0.16)Δa | 5.79(0.17) | 5.80(0.17)Δc | 5.40(0.16) | 5.94(0.16)Δa | 6.05(0.17) | 6.32(0.18)Δc |
| PCS | ||||||||
| Total score |
17.36(1.0 8) |
16.97(1.1 0) |
16.13(1.1 3) | 16.41(1.1 5)Δc | 19.68(1.0 9) |
17.42(1.1 2) | 16.16(1.1 5) |
14.31(1.1 8)Δc |
| Rumination | 6.23(0.40) | 6.20(0.40) | 5.83(0.43)Δb | 6.13(0.43)Δc | 7.01(0.40) | 6.04(0.41) | 5.45(0.44)Δb | 5.04(0.45)Δc |
| Magnificati on |
3.90(0.27) | 3.80(0.26) | 3.70(0.27) | 3.76(0.28)Δc | 4.47(0.27) | 4.10(0.27) | 3.74(0.28) | 3.24(0.29)Δc |
| Helplessne ss |
7.23(0.49) | 7.00(0.51) | 6.58(0.51) | 6.51(0.52)Δc | 8.20(0.50) | 7.26(0.52) | 6.92(0.52) | 5.98(0.53)Δc |
| PAQ | ||||||||
| Total score |
20.88(0.3 2) |
21.14(0.3 7) |
21.40(0.3 7) |
21.75(0.4 1) |
20.72(0.3 3) |
21.76(0.3 8) |
22.40(0.3 8) |
22.70(0.4 2) |
| Confidence | 5.25(0.12) | 5.50(0.13) | 5.61(0.14) | 5.74(0.14) | 5.33(0.13) | 5.83(0.13) | 5.97(0.14) | 6.09(0.15) |
| Response | 15.63(0.2 6) |
15.64(0.2 8) |
15.79(0.2 7) |
16.01(0.2 9) |
15.39(0.2 6) |
15.93(0.2 9) |
16.42(0.2 7) |
16.60(0.3 1) |
|
Self- manageme nt behaviors | ||||||||
| Exercise behavior (min) | ||||||||
| Stretching | 73.82(5.9 4) |
70.98(5.7 3) |
73.07(6.0 4) |
74.39(5.9 7) |
63.72(5.9 7) |
60.22(5.8 7) |
66.11(6.1 6) |
66.87(6.1 8) |
| Aerobic exercise |
158.22(15 .22) |
165.08(17 .21) |
162.69(15 .72) |
186.95(16 .98) |
155.71(15 .34) |
173.35(17 .51) |
155.13(15 .96) |
187.97(17 .46) |
| Cognitive symptom manageme nt | ||||||||
| Mean score |
1.89(0.09) | 1.96(0.08) | 1.95(0.09) | 2.04(0.09) | 1.91(0.09) | 2.09(0.08) | 2.25(0.09) | 2.26(0.10) |
| Communic ation with physicians | ||||||||
| Mean score |
3.00 (0.10) |
2.92(0.10) | 3.18(0.11) | 3.17(0.11) | 3.13(0.10) | 3.11(0.10) | 3.28(0.11) | 3.29(0.11) |
| Pain | ||||||||
| BPI | ||||||||
| Pain Severity |
5.42(0.14) | 5.11(0.16) | 4.84(0.19) | 4.89(0.17) | 5.34(0.15) | 5.00(0.16) | 4.70(0.19) | 4.53(0.18) |
| Pain Interferenc e |
5.65(0.20) | 4.85(0.22) | 4.70(0.24) | 4.34(0.22) | 5.36(0.20) | 4.84(0.23) | 4.65(0.24) | 4.28(0.23) |
| Secondary Outcomes | ||||||||
| DASS | ||||||||
| Depression | 10.00(0.83) | 9.92(0.90) | 9.41(0.89) | 9.26(0.86) | 12.23(0.84) | 11.64(0.92) | ||
| Anxiety | 8.42(0.75) | 8.69(0.80) | 7.63(0.74) | 7.86(0.79) | 10.46(0.76) | 10.26(0.82) | ||
| Stress | 14.03(0.78) | 13.94(0.78) | 13.21(0.87) | 13.71(0.88) | 14.92(0.78) | 14.90(0.80) | ||
| CPCI | 2.52(0.18) | 2.49(0.17) | 2.48(0.18) | 2.45(0.19) | 2.84(0.19) | 3.00(0.17) | ||
| Assistance | ||||||||
| Coping | 3.94(0.18) | 3.84(0.18) | 3.89(0.18) | 4.02(0.19) | 3.92(0.18) | 4.16(0.18) | ||
| Exercise | 2.95(0.18) | 3.10(0.17) | 3.23(0.17) | 3.42(0.19) | 2.75(0.18) | 3.09(0.17) | ||
| Guarding | 3.59(0.15) | 3.28(0.15) | 3.44(0.16) | 3.41(0.17) | 3.75(0.15) | 3.52(0.15) | ||
| Persistence | 4.02(0.16) | 3.95(0.15) | 4.01(0.16) | 4.16(0.17) | 3.81(0.16) | 3.92(0.16) | ||
| Relaxation | 2.35(0.16) | 2.42(0.16) | 2.56(0.17)Δb | 2.55(0.17) | 2.38(0.16) | 2.87(0.16) | ||
| Resting | 3.89(0.17) | 3.74(0.17) | 3.74(0.18) | 3.70(0.19) | 3.97(0.17) | 3.84(0.17) | ||
| Social | 2.82(0.18) | 3.01(0.17) | 2.81(0.18) | 2.96(0.19) | 2.90(0.18) | 3.15(0.18) | ||
| AIMS | ||||||||
| Physical | 2.82(0.14) | 2.71(0.15) | 2.67(0.15) | 2.75(0.15) | 2.85(0.14) | 2.75(0.15) | ||
| Symptom | 5.78(0.21) | 5.24(0.22) | 5.17(0.24) | 5.30(0.23) | 5.76(0.21) | 5.16(0.23) | ||
| Affect | 4.10(0.17) | 4.03(0.18) | 3.88(0.18) | 3.90(0.19) | 4.42(0.17) | 4.12(0.19) | ||
| Social | 5.43(0.17) | 5.36(0.17) | 5.36(0.18) | 5.20(0.18) | 5.27(0.18) | 5.26(0.18) | ||
| Work | 2.93(0.25) | 2.13(0.25) | 2.43(0.31) | 2.28(0.28) | 2.65(0.27) | 2.46(0.26) | ||
| PGIC | 3.55(0.08)a | 3.50(0.10)b | 3.29(0.10)c | 3.11(0.08)a | ||||
Pairwise post hoc contrasts between experimental and control groups at each time point for PGIC and for the mean change in differences for all other outcomes. Least square means are presented rather than unadjusted means because we used mixed models to incorporate covariance among repeated measures.
abc
Unique superscripts indicate significant pairwise post hoc tests (p < 0.05)
Δ
change for condition-BY-time compared to baseline
ASEQ = Arthritis Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; AIMS = Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale; BPI = Brief Pain Inventory; CPCI = Chronic Pain Coping Inventory; DASS = Depression