Kaplan–Meier estimates to AIDS or death by T-cell activation, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype, or viral load. Kaplan–Meier estimates are presented, comparing the time to AIDS, as defined by CD4 T-cell counts of <250 cells/µL of whole blood, or the time to death for T-cell activation, HIV-1 subtype, and viral load. A and B, Individuals were stratified into quartiles on the basis of the percentage of CD8 T cells coexpressing CD38 and HLA-DR from lowest frequency (first quartile; blue) to the highest frequency (fourth quartile; brown) for time to AIDS (A) or time to death (B). C and D, Kaplan–Meier estimates for HIV-1 subtype A (blue), recombinant/dual infections (red), and subtype D (green) are displayed for time to AIDS (C) or time to death (D). E and F, Individuals were stratified into quartiles on the basis of HIV-1 load from lowest frequency (first quartile; blue) to highest frequency (fourth quartile; brown) for time to AIDS (E) or time to death (F). All P values were calculated with the log-rank test.