Table 1.

Mechanisms of tumor promotion and tumor suppression by NF-κB. Modified from Perkins et al. (49)

Mechanisms of tumor promotion by NF-κβ	Mechanisms of tumor suppression by NF-κβ
Antiapoptotic (induction of antiapoptotic genes such as Bcl-xL, XIAP, cIAP1 and 2)	Proapoptotic (induction of pro-apoptotic genes such as FAS, DR4 and 5)
Metastasis (regulation of genes involved in cell adhesion and migration such as ICAM-1. VCAM-1, ELAM-1, MMP-9, uPA)	Tumor suppressor (aids in p53 induced apoptosis)
Angiogenesis (regulation of VEGF, IL1, IL8, TNF)	Antiproliferative role (JNK inhibition, induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression)
Proliferation (induction of oncogenes such as cyclin D1, c-Myc)	Suppression of transformation
Immortalization (induction of telomerase)
Inflammation (regulation of inflammatory gene expression such as cyclooxygenase 2 and iNOS)