Table 3.

Logistic regression coefficients (standard error) for change in dichotomized semen quality parameter by total urinary BPA concentration, LIFE Study

Semen quality endpointa,b	Unadjusted model		Adjusted modele
	BPA concentration β (SE)	p-value	BPA concentration β (SE)	p-value
General characteristics
Volume (mL)d	0.03 (0.12)	0.80	−0.42 (0.24)	0.08
Sperm concentration (x106/mL)d	−0.23 (0.15)	0.13	−0.25 (0.23)	0.27
Total sperm count (x106/ejaculate)d	−0.04 (0.13)	0.77	−0.28 (0.24)	0.25
Hypo-osmotic swollen (%)d	−0.07 (0.10)	0.50	0.03 (0.14)	0.83
Morphology
Strict criteria (%)c	0.10 (0.22)	0.67	−1.10 (0.75)	0.14
Traditional normal (%)c	0.01 (0.10)	0.90	−0.19 (0.15)	0.20
Sperm chromatin structure assay
DNA fragmentation index (%)d	0.49 (0.31)	0.11	0.76 (0.58)	0.19

^aSemen quality endpoints are restricted to those with World Health Organization reference values.²³

^bSemen quality endpoints are in their original scale (i.e., not Box-Cox transformed)

^cThese semen quality endpoints were measured only in the first sample and were modeled using logistic regression with fixed effects.

^dThese semen quality endpoints were measured in both the first and second samples and were modeled using logistic regression with Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE).

^eAdjusted models accounted for age (continuous), abstinence time (continuous), alcohol consumption (categorical), body mass index (continuous), creatinine (continuous), education (categorical), income (categorical), previously fathered pregnancy (continuous), serum cotinine (continuous), study site (categorical), and race/ethnicity (categorical).