. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Acad Emerg Med. 2015 Apr 22;22(5):499–507. doi: 10.1111/acem.12658

Table 2.

Top Exposures According to Frequency, ACVE, and Mortality.

Ranking	Most Common Drug Classes	ACVE Incidence	In-Hospital Mortality
1	Opioid (n=418)	Digoxin (n=8/11, 72.7%)	Digoxin (n=2/11, 18.2%)
2	Sympathomimetic (392)	ACE inhibitors (2/13, 15.4)	ACE inhibitors (2/13, 15.4)
3	Benzodiazepines (340)	Beta blockers (3/28, 10.7)	CCB (1/22, 4.6)
4	Antipsychotics (165)	Diuretics (1/10, 10.0)	Oxycodone (3/113, 2.7)
5	Antidepressants (163)	CCB (2/22, 9.1)	Heroin (2/88, 2.3)

ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; ACVE = adverse cardiovascular events; CCB = calcium channel blockers.