Table 2.
Neuropsychological Outcomes of Adolescents with Tetralogy of Fallot According to Genetic Diagnosis.
| Variable | Tetralogy of Fallot
|
P value comparing those with genetic diagnosis to those without* | P value comparing those without genetic diagnosis to expected population mean † | P value comparing those with genetic diagnosis to expected population mean † | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N=91) | Genetic Diagnosis Absent or No Evaluation (N=68) | Genetic Diagnosis Present (N=23) | ||||
| Mean ± SD | ||||||
| Wechsler Intelligence Scale | ||||||
| Verbal Comprehension | 95.6 ± 21.5 | 98.7 ± 20.4 | 86.4 ± 22.5 | 0.01 | 0.62 | 0.009 |
| Perceptual Reasoning | 89.1 ± 21.2 | 93.7 ± 20.2 | 75.4 ± 18.2 | <0.001 | 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Working Memory | 88.9 ± 21.0 | 91.4 ± 20.2 | 81.7 ± 22.1 | 0.046 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Processing Speed | 87.0 ± 19.3 | 90.0 ± 18.4 | 77.8 ± 19.5 | 0.008 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Full-Scale IQ | 89.0 ± 22.8 | 93.0 ± 21.4 | 77.0 ± 23.1 | 0.002 | 0.009 | <0.001 |
| Wechsler Individual Achievement Test | ||||||
| Reading Composite | 92.6 ± 20.3 | 96.1 ± 17.8 | 82.5 ± 24.1 | 0.003 | 0.07 | 0.002 |
| Mathematics Composite | 89.5 ± 27.6 | 95.1 ± 25.6 | 73.1 ± 27.1 | <0.001 | 0.12 | <0.001 |
| General Memory Index | 86.3 ± 21.7 | 88.5 ± 20.5 | 79.3 ± 24.3 | 0.09 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Executive Function Summary Score | 8.2 ± 2.9 | 8.7 ± 2.8 | 6.4 ± 2.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function | ||||||
| Self-Report | 50.3 ± 10.8 | 49.8 ± 10.8 | 51.9 ± 10.9 | 0.43 | 0.89 | 0.45 |
| Parent | 58.0 ± 13.1 | 55.8 ± 12.8 | 64.4 ± 12.1 | 0.004 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Teacher | 63.0 ± 19.7 | 62.3 ± 19.8 | 65.4 ± 20.1 | 0.49 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| Visual-Spatial Summary Score | 82.6 ± 19.7 | 86.4 ± 19.6 | 70.9 ± 15.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure †† | ||||||
| Copy: Organization | 7.8 ± 3.8 | 8.7 ± 3.7 | 5.1 ± 3.0 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Structural Element | 23.2 ± 3.8 | 23.7 ± 3.2 | 21.6 ± 4.9 | 0.02 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
| Incidental Element | 36.3 ± 6.0 | 37.3 ± 4.0 | 33.2 ± 9.3 | 0.006 | 0.003 | <0.001 |
| Immediate Recall: Organization | 6.2 ± 4.1 | 6.8 ± 4.1 | 3.9 ± 3.5 | 0.006 | 0.008 | <0.001 |
| Structural Element | 19.8 ± 6.0 | 21.0 ± 4.8 | 15.7 ± 7.8 | <0.001 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
| Incidental Element | 26.4 ± 9.1 | 27.7 ± 8.1 | 21.8 ± 11.0 | 0.01 | 0.46 | <0.001 |
| Delayed Recall: Organization | 6.4 ± 4.0 | 7.0 ± 3.8 | 4.2 ± 3.7 | 0.005 | 0.048 | <0.001 |
| Structural Element | 19.6 ± 6.5 | 21.0 ± 5.3 | 15.2 ± 8.0 | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
| Incidental Element | 25.5 ± 9.2 | 27.1 ± 8.1 | 20.1 ± 10.8 | 0.003 | 0.30 | <0.001 |
| Sense of Direction Scale †† | 46.2 ± 9.0 | 46.1 ± 8.5 | 46.3 ± 10.8 | 0.97 | 0.09 | 0.29 |
| Parent Conner’s ADHD Index T Score | 59.3 ± 13.6 | 57.2 ± 12.8 | 65.5 ± 14.3 | 0.007 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Reading the Mind in the Eyes †† | 18.8 ± 5.9 | 19.2 ± 6.0 | 17.0 ± 5.0 | 0.38 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Toronto Alexithymia Scale †† | ||||||
| Difficulty Identifying Feelings | 17.3 ± 6.0 | 16.7 ± 6.0 | 19.2 ± 6.1 | 0.42 | 0.049 | 0.01 |
| Difficulty Describing Feelings | 13.7 ± 4.8 | 12.9 ± 4.3 | 16.8 ± 5.5 | 0.09 | 0.88 | 0.04 |
| Externally-Oriented Thinking | 20.6 ± 4.7 | 20.2 ± 4.3 | 22.0 ± 5.8 | 0.40 | 0.93 | 0.41 |
| Autism Spectrum Quotient †† | 17.9 ± 5.6 | 17.6 ± 5.9 | 18.9 ± 4.2 | 0.31 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
Determined by linear regression with adjustment for concurrent family social status.
Determined by one-sample t-tests comparing the TOF group (with or without genetic diagnosis) with expected population means of 100, 10, or 50, as appropriate.
Expected population means are not available; P value is determined by linear regression comparing the TOF group (with or without genetic diagnosis) with a group of 87 referents, with adjustment for concurrent family social status.
Missing < 10% of outcomes except for Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Teacher (n=58), Reading the Mind in the Eyes (n=66) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (n=27) tasks.