Table 1.

Definitions of Variables

Variable	Definition/Comments
Predictors
Patient Demographics
Age	Continuous, from 18–65 yrs
Sex
Race	Dichotomized to Caucasian vs other
Urban vs rural residence	Dichotomized by using patient’s ZIP code of residence
Marital status (married vs not married)	Dichotomized as married or not married
Comorbidities
Hypertension	Determined by all ICD-9 codes in the Medicaid database 1 year prior to first MTM telephone call using Elixhauser criteria39
Chronic lung disease
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity
Depression
Heart Failure
Renal failure
Liver disease
Alcohol abuse
Drug abuse
Psychoses
Bone disease (includes osteoporosis, osteoarthrosis, allied disorders, and rheumatoid arthritis)	Determined by all ICD-9 codes in the Medicaid database 1 year prior to first MTM telephone call using ICD-9 codes recognized as codes for disease states targeted for MTM by CMS. Specific codes included: V17.81 Osteoporosis; V82.81 Osteoporosis; 733.00 Osteoporosis, unspecified; 715 Osteoarthrosis and allied disorders (arthritis or polyarthritis, degenerative, hypertrophic, degenerative joint disease, osteoarthritis); 714.0 Rheumatoid arthritis V82.1 Rheumatoid arthritis
Dyslipidemia	Determined by all ICD-9 codes in the Medicaid database 1 year prior to first MTM telephone call using ICD-9 codes recognized as codes for disease states targeted for MTM by CMS. Specific codes included: 272.0 pure hypercholesterolemia; 272.2 hyperlipidemia, mixed; 272.4 hyperlipidemia, other
Total no. of comorbidities	Sum of each comorbidity present using Elixhauser criteria39
Medication Use Data
No. of pharmacies	Calculated from Medicaid medication reimbursement records 3 months prior to MTR
No. of prescribers
No. of chronic medications	Calculated as no. of unique scheduled oral medications for 3 months prior to MTR
No. of pills/day
Total no. of medications	Calculated from all medication records 3 months prior to MTR; all medications and dosage forms included
No. of narrow therapeutic index drugs	Calculated from all medication records 3 months prior to MTR; all medications and dosage forms included Narrow therapeutic index drugs included carbamezepine, lithium, phenytoin, quinidine, warfarin, phenobarbital, procainamide, theophylline, digoxin, and insulin
Healthcare Utilization
No. of outpatient visits	Calculated by using Medicaid claims data for 3 months prior to MTR
No. of patients with ≥ 1 hospitalization
No. of patients with ≥ 1 ED visit
Outcomes
Primary
No. of MRPs detected	Data from initial MTR only; includes all problem categories
Secondary
At least one MRP in indication category	Data from initial MTR only. Problems included were untreated condition, synergistic therapy, preventative therapy (collapsed into “needs additional therapy”); no medical indication, recreational drug, nondrug therapy, duplicate, treating avoidable adverse reaction (collapsed into “unnecessary drug therapy”)
At least one MRP in effectiveness category	Data from initial MTR only. Problems included dosage form inappropriate, contraindication, condition refractory to drug, not indicated, more effective drug (collapsed into “different drug needed”); ineffective, inappropriate frequency, duration, storage, administration (collapsed into “dosage too low”)
At least one MRP in safety category	Data from initial MTR only. Problems included unsafe, allergic reaction, undesired effect, interaction, dosage changed too fast (collapsed into “adverse drug reaction”); dose too high, frequency too short, duration too long (collapsed into “dosage too high”); drug interaction resulting in dose too high/low, needs additional monitoring (collapsed into “dosage too high/low”)
At least one MRP in adherence category	Data from initial MTR only. Problems included not available, cannot afford, cannot administer, forgets, does not understand, prefers not to take (collapsed into “noncompliance”)

ICD = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; MRP = medication-related problem.