Table 1.
Widespread niche conservation between reproductive modes, and isolation-by-ploidy niche differentiation within and among species of Boechera
| Subset | Sex | Apo | Variables selected* | Fspat† | Pspat† | Feco‡ | Peco‡ | PPeco‡ | α§ |
| Subset “reproduction” | |||||||||
| All accessions¶ | 869 | 726 | Bio10, elevation | 0.32 | 0.5498 | 0.59 | 0.1615 | 0.1593 | 0.0500 |
| All 2׶ | 269 | 125 | Bio2, bio6, bio8, bio9, bio11, bio12, bio19, elevation | 2.86 | 0.0789 | 2.94 | 0.0145 | 0.0129 | 0.0250 |
| All 3׶ | 22 | 101 | Bio14, bio16 | 0.02 | 0.8647 | 2.00 | 0.2398 | 0.2405 | 0.0250 |
| Boechera collinsii | 8 | 9 | Bio3, elevation | 1.94 | 0.1613 | 0.51 | 0.3015 | 0.3086 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera crandallii | 26 | 7 | Bio3, bio16 | 17.74 | 0.0002 | 6.34 | 0.0177 | 0.0200 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera divaricarpa¶ | 46 | 158 | Bio4, bio14, bio18 | 0.39 | 0.5236 | 1.79 | 0.1579 | 0.1554 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera fendleri | 8 | 8 | Bio3, bio9 | 0.27 | 0.5884 | 2.45 | 0.1330 | 0.1324 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera lemmonii | 23 | 7 | Bio2, bio5, bio7, elevation | 2.04 | 0.1618 | 3.50 | 0.0080 | 0.0093 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera lyallii | 14 | 5 | Bio8, bio18 | 0.67 | 0.4204 | 0.05 | 0.8187 | 0.8164 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera microphylla | 8 | 27 | Bio6, bio11 | 1.08 | 0.3161 | 5.82 | 0.0108 | 0.0105 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera pallidifolia¶ | 16 | 19 | Bio5, bio8 | 0.10 | 0.7508 | 1.94 | 0.1662 | 0.1647 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera pauciflora | 6 | 18 | Bio4, bio9, bio10 | 1.32 | 0.2665 | 1.42 | 0.2516 | 0.2503 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera pendulocarpa | 32 | 8 | Bio16, elevation | 8.57 | 0.0074 | 2.92 | 0.0799 | 0.0719 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera perennans¶ | 20 | 11 | Bio3, bio18 | 0.11 | 0.7428 | 0.53 | 0.5492 | 0.5456 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera pinetorum¶ | 20 | 57 | Bio3, bio14, bio17 | 0.38 | 0.5571 | 1.27 | 0.2539 | 0.2582 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera puberula¶ | 30 | 17 | Bio5, bio9 | 0.49 | 0.4937 | 1.82 | 0.1619 | 0.1627 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera retrofracta (all)¶ | 97 | 158 | Bio2, bio3, elevation | 34.22 | 0.0001 | 24.35 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera retrofracta (2×)¶ | 30 | 27 | Bio2, bio3, elevation | 7.25 | 0.0074 | 14.30 | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera sparsiflora¶ | 25 | 20 | Bio5, bio8, bio12, bio18, bio19 | 0.67 | 0.4087 | 0.68 | 0.5215 | 0.5189 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera spatifolia | 8 | 11 | Bio15, bio19 | 1.97 | 0.1453 | 8.14 | 0.0131 | 0.0113 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera stricta¶ | 182 | 32 | Bio16, bio18 | 14.05 | 0.0003 | 0.16 | 0.8313 | 0.8291 | 0.0026 |
| Boechera williamsii | 8 | 15 | Bio2, elevation | 5.18 | 0.0199 | 14.67 | 0.0010 | 0.0008 | 0.0026 |
| Subset “ploidy” | 2x | 3x | |||||||
| All¶ | 414 | 123 | Bio3, bio4, bio5, bio11, bio15, bio18 | 0.15 | 0.6877 | 0.30 | 0.5885 | 0.0144 | 0.0500 |
| Sex¶ | 269 | 22 | Bio1, bio11, bio14 | 0.49 | 0.4668 | 6.97 | 0.0052 | 0.0177 | 0.0250 |
| Apo¶ | 125 | 101 | Bio4, bio18 | 0.08 | 0.7725 | 0.06 | 0.8132 | 0.0379 | 0.0250 |
| Boechera collinsii | 3 | 3 | Bio4, bio6 | 7.84 | 0.0974 | 31.10 | 0.0129 | 0.0108 | 0.0063 |
| Boechera divaricarpa | 3 | 35 | Bio4, bio9, bio19 | 3.10 | 0.0748 | 2.87 | 0.0968 | 0.0063 | 0.0063 |
| Boechera lignifera | 4 | 3 | Bio7, bio8 | 0.07 | 0.8595 | 12.18 | 0.0285 | 0.0293 | 0.0063 |
| Boechera pallidifolia | 22 | 3 | Bio2, bio17 | 0.43 | 0.4872 | 11.58 | 0.0008 | 0.0009 | 0.0063 |
| Boechera retrofracta | 57 | 35 | Bio3, elevation | 16.82 | 0.0001 | 17.85 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0063 |
| Boechera retrofracta (apo)¶ | 27 | 35 | Bio3, elevation | 5.71 | 0.0217 | 5.13 | 0.0043 | 0.0049 | 0.0063 |
| Boechera spatifolia | 16 | 3 | Bio4, bio18 | 1.21 | 0.3187 | 0.63 | 0.3567 | 0.3462 | 0.0063 |
| Boechera stricta × spatifolia (apo) | 10 | 5 | Bio4, bio5 | 0.62 | 0.6798 | 51.04 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0063 |
Bio1, annual mean temperature; bio2, mean monthly temperature range; bio3, isothermality; bio4, temperature seasonality; bio5, maximum temperature of warmest month; bio6, minimum temperature of coldest month; bio7, temperature annual range; bio8, mean temperature of wettest quarter; bio9, mean temperature of driest quarter; bio10, mean temperature of warmest quarter; bio11, mean temperature of coldest quarter; bio12, annual precipitation; bio13, precipitation of wettest month; bio14, precipitation of driest month; bio15, precipitation seasonality; bio16, precipitation of wettest quarter; bio17, precipitation of driest quarter; bio18, precipitation of warmest quarter; bio19, precipitation of coldest quarter.
Post hoc permutation test for CCA on geographic distances to detect differences in spatial patterns between each sample group. Significant differences are shown in bold.
Post hoc permutation test for CCA on ecological variables (bio1 to 19, elevation) without (Peco) and with spatial covariate (partial Peco). Significant values are shown in bold.
Bonferroni corrected threshold for partial P values assuming α* ≈ α/M with M = number of independent tests.