Table 1. Effect of gene polymorphisms on inflammation in AVMs.
Polymorphisms | Overexpressed mediators | Outcome | Magnitude of outcome |
---|---|---|---|
−238 AG TNF-α | IL-6 | Increased ICH risk | 4x Increase17 |
−174 GG IL-6 | IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, IL-8, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-12 | 3x Increase14 | |
−31 CC IL-1β | IL-1β | 2.7x increase19 | |
−511 TT IL-1β | IL-1β | 2.6x increase19 | |
−889 CT or TT IL-1α | IL-1α | Increased AVM susceptibility | 2.47x Increase20 |
Allele 1 of IL-1RN | IL-1RN | 2x Increase20 |
AVMs, arteriovenous malformations; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-1, interleukin-1; IL-8, interleukin-8; IL-1β, interleukin-1-beta; IL-1α, interleukin-1-alpha; IL-1RN, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.