Table 1.
Cohort characteristics.
| Controls | All DM patients | P | DM1 patients | DM2 patients | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 121 | 276 | 43 (16%) | 233 (84%) | ||
| Males/females (n; %) | 60/61 (50%/50%) | 160/116 (58%/42%) | 0.12chi | 23/20 (53%/47%) | 137/96 (59%/41%) | 0.52chi |
| Age (years) | 58.6 ± 15.1 | 65.0 ± 13.4 | <0.001 | 48.6 ± 1.8 | 68.0 ± 9.6 | <0.001 |
| DM duration (yrs) | — | 15.1 ± 10.7 | — | 19.5 ± 13.2 | 15.0 ± 10.1 | 0.10 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.2 ± 3.3 | 30.5 ± 6.1 | <0.001 | 25.4 ± 3.7 | 31.4 ± 6.0 | <0.001 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 72 ± 7 | 72 ± 7 | 0.71 | 71 ± 5 | 72 ± 7 | 0.24 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 84 ± 16 | 71 ± 25 | <0.001 | 83 ± 26 | 69 ± 24 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 0.98 |
| Fl-AGEs (AU) | 281 ± 67 | 341 ± 112 | <0.001 | 289 ± 104 | 350 ± 111 | <0.001 |
| SAF (AU) | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| CML (ng/mL) | 1045 ± 368 | 1023 ± 393 | 0.71 | 1125 ± 940 | 1008 ± 385 | 0.12 |
| sRAGE (pg/mL) | 989 ± 376 | 936 ± 497 | 0.23 | 1133 ± 638 | 922 ± 474 | 0.30 |
| sVAP-1 (ng/mL) | 409 ± 166 | 462 ± 172 | 0.049 | 415 ± 138 | 469 ± 176 | 0.16 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 2.7 ± 2.4 | 0.001 | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 2.9 ± 2.4 | 0.004 |
| Grip strength (pounds) | 84 ± 31 | 75 ± 25 | 0.026 | 85 ± 32 | 74 ± 23 | 0.09 |
| *Hypertension (N/Y; %) | 88/33 (73%/27%) | 96/167 (37%/63%) | <0.001 chi | 23/13 (53%/47%) | 73/154 (32%/68%) | <0.001 chi |
| *PAD (N/Y; %) | 119/2 (98%/2%) | 220/44 (83%/17%) | <0.001 chi | 34/2 (94%/6%) | 186/42 (82%/18%) | 0.054chi |
| *CHD (N/Y; %) | 117/4 (97%/3%) | 213/51 (81%/19%) | <0.001 chi | 33/3 (92%/8%) | 180/48 (79%/21%) | 0.07chi |
| *Total comorbidities (N/Y; %) | 87/34 (72%/28%) | 74/190 (28%/72%) | <0.001 chi | 22/114 (61%/39%) | 52/176 (23%/77%) | <0.001 chi |
DM1: type 1 diabetes mellitus; DM2: type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: haemoglobin A1c; AGE-Fl: advanced glycation end products associated fluorescence of plasma; CML: Nε-carboxymethyllysine; SAF: skin autofluorescence; sVAP-1: soluble vascular receptor adhesion protein-1; sRAGE: soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; hsCRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; Y: yes; N: no; PAD: peripheral artery disease; CHD: coronary heart disease; chi: chi-square; *data missing from 12 subjects.