Table 1.

Nuclear shuttling host factors co-opted by plus strand RNA viruses.

Proviral host factors	Viruses	Functions
DHX29	Picornavirus, Aichi	ITAF, IRES conformation
eEF1a	Flavivirus	(−) RNA synthesis, replicase interactions
GARS	Enterovirus	IRES conformation
hnRNP??	HCV, coronavirus	(+) RNA and (−) RNA synthesis, RNA recruitment??
hnRNP C	Enterovirus	(+) RNA synthesis
hnRNP K	Sindbis	sgRNA promoter transcription
hnRNPA1	HCV, coronavirus, enterovirus 71, alphavirus	genome circularization, RNA promoters, ITAF
HuR	Alphavirus, HCV	RNA stability
ITAF 45 (Ebp1)	FMDV	ITAF
La	Enterovirus, HCV, BVDV, CSFV, flavivirus	IRES conformation, translation-replication switching, genome circularization
LSM1–7	HCV	Promote translation
NF90/NFAR	BVDV, HCV	Genome circularization, translation-replication switch
NSAP1, hnRNP Q, SYNCRIP	HCV	ITAF, ribosome binding, genome circularization
nucleolin	poliovirus, HCV	ITAF, promote RNA replication, binds replicase
PCBP2	Enterovirus, HAV	IRES conformation, translation-replication switching, genome circularization
PTB	Picornavirus, HCV, coronavirus, flavivirus, astrovirus	IRES conformation, eIF4G1 recruitment to IRES, genome circularization
RNA Helicase A	FMDV, HCV, Dengue	Genome circularization protein bridge, promote RNA replication
Sam68	poliovirus	(+) RNA and (−) RNA synthesis
SRp20	Poliovirus, CVB3, Rhinovirus	ITAF cofactor
TDP2	enterovirus	VPg unlinkase RNA processing
Tia1, TIAR	Flavivirus, WNV	promote (+) strand RNA synthesis
Tudor-SN/p100	Flavivirus, Dengue	promote RNA synthesis
tRNA synthetase	coronavirus	RNA replication
Unr	Enterovirus	IRES conformation, RNA looping
Antiviral host factors	Viruses	Functions
Gemin 3	Poliovirus	SMN complex functions
Gemin 5	FMDV	Competes with PTB binding IRES, SMN complex functions
Auf1	Enterovirus	Inhibits IRESome function, binds 3′ UTR destabilizing
PTB	Calicivirus, norovirus,	Translation inhibition