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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Med. 2014 Jun 3;46(6):353–363. doi: 10.3109/07853890.2014.915579

Table 3. Prevalence of clinical features in patients with classic DC (3, 22, 95).

Clinical feature % Affected
Diagnostic mucocutaneous features
 • Skin pigmentation chagnes 88-89
 • Nail dystrophy 73-88
 • Leukoplakia 64-78
Eye abnormalities, excessive tearing 31-38
Pulmonary fibrosis 20
Learning difficulties or developmental delay 14-25
Teeth abnormalities 17-19
Hair loss or early graying 16-18
Hyperhidrosis 10-15
Short stature 14
Gastrointestinal abnormalities (liver fibrosis, esophageal strictures, ulcers, malabsorption) 14
Malignancy 10-12
Microcephaly 8
Urinary tract abnormalities (urethral stricture, phimosis) 7
Cerebellar hypoplasia, ataxia 7
Gonadal abnormalities (hypogonadism, cryptorchidism) 1-5