Table 2.
Candidate Markers in serum
| Gene/protein | location | material | method | Association | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DKK1 | iCCA | serum | ELISA | OS | (61) |
| WFA-L1CAM | iCCA | serum, bile | ELISA | Diagnosis | (57, 58) |
| A1BG/AFM ratio | CCA | serum | Western blot | Diagnosis, OS (after surgery) | (55) |
| SSP411 | CCA | serum, bile | ELISA, Western blot | Diagnosis | (59) |
| MMP7 | CCA | serum | ELISA | Diagnosis | (79) |
| CYFRA21-1 | iCCA | serum | ECLIA | LNM, ATS, VI, IM | (80) |
| KL-6 mucin | iCCA | serum | ELISA | Diagnosis, | (53) |
| MUC5AC mucin | CCA | serum | sandwich ELISA | Diagnosis | (56) |
| hTERT mRNA | CCA | serum | Real time RT-PCR | Diagnosis | (54) |
| RCAS1 | CCA | serum | ELISA | Diagnosis | (81) |
OS, Overall survival; LNM, Lymph node metastasis; ATS, Advanced tumor stage; VI, Vascular invasion; IM, Intrahepatic metastases; ELISA, Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay