Table 1.
Patient characteristics according to medication adherence categories
| Patient characteristics | Total patients, n (column %) | Medication adherence score, n (row %) | χ2 | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Low (MMAS-8 <6) | Medium and high (MMAS-8 6–8) | ||||
| Health clinic | 0.96 | 0.620 | |||
| Seri Kembangan | 216 (32.3) | 94 (43.5) | 122 (56.5) | ||
| Dengkil | 121 (13.1) | 47 (38.8) | 74 (61.2) | ||
| Salak | 331 (49.3) | 145 (43.8) | 186 (56.2) | ||
| Age, years | 9.18 | 0.010 | |||
| ≤50 | 174 (26.1) | 88 (50.6) | 86 (49.4) | ||
| 51–60 | 260 (39.0) | 115 (44.2) | 145 (55.8) | ||
| >60 | 232 (34.8) | 83 (35.8) | 149 (64.2) | ||
| Diabetes duration, years | 2.77 | 0.251 | |||
| <5 | 323 (50.0) | 130 (40.2) | 193 (59.8) | ||
| 5–9.9 | 183 (28.3) | 78 (42.6) | 105 (57.4) | ||
| ≥10 | 140 (21.7) | 68 (48.6) | 72 (51.4) | ||
| Sex | 0.24 | 0.638 | |||
| Female | 359 (54.0) | 157 (43.7) | 202 (56.3) | ||
| Male | 306 (46.0) | 128 (41.8) | 178 (58.2) | ||
| Ethnicity | 7.58 | 0.023 | |||
| Malay | 351 (53.0) | 158 (45.0) | 193 (55.0) | ||
| Chinese | 155 (23.4) | 73 (47.1) | 82 (52.9) | ||
| Indian | 156 (23.6) | 52 (33.3) | 104 (66.7) | ||
| Religion | 11.45 | 0.043 | |||
| No religion | 32 (4.8) | 11 (34.4) | 21 (65.6) | ||
| Moslem | 359 (53.9) | 161 (44.8) | 198 (55.2) | ||
| Buddhist | 78 (11.7) | 43 (55.1) | 35 (44.9) | ||
| Hinduism/Sikh | 141 (21.2) | 48 (34.0) | 93 (66.0) | ||
| Christian/Catholic | 21 (3.2) | 8 (38.1) | 13 (61.9) | ||
| Others | 35 (5.3) | 13 (37.1) | 22 (62.9) | ||
| Religiosity | 0.18 | 0.912 | |||
| Religious | 567 (85.4) | 242 (42.7) | 325 (57.3) | ||
| Unsure | 24 (3.6) | 10 (41.7) | 14 (58.3) | ||
| Not religious | 73 (11.0) | 33 (45.2) | 40 (54.8) | ||
| Marital status | 2.12 | 0.547 | |||
| Married/living with a partner | 523 (78.8) | 227 (43.4) | 296 (56.6) | ||
| Widowed | 96 (14.5) | 36 (37.5) | 60 (62.5) | ||
| Divorced/separated | 19 (2.9) | 10 (52.6) | 9 (47.4) | ||
| Single | 26 (3.9) | 10 (38.5) | 16 (61.5) | ||
| Education | 9.72 | 0.008 | |||
| Never | 43 (6.5) | 16 (37.2) | 27 (62.8) | ||
| Primary and secondary | 542 (82.5) | 222 (41.0) | 320 (59.0) | ||
| Tertiary | 72 (11.0) | 43 (59.7) | 29 (40.3) | ||
| Employment | 2.51 | 0.285 | |||
| Retired/home manager | 356 (53.5) | 144 (40.4) | 212 (59.6) | ||
| Employed | 299 (45.0) | 134 (44.8) | 165 (55.2) | ||
| Unemployed | 10 (1.5) | 6 (60.0) | 4 (40.0) | ||
| Income (RM) | 11.42 | 0.003 | |||
| <1,000 | 310 (47.1) | 118 (38.1) | 192 (61.9) | ||
| 1,000–2,999 | 310 (47.1) | 138 (44.5) | 172 (55.5) | ||
| ≥3,000 | 38 (5.8) | 25 (65.8) | 13 (34.2) | ||
| Exercise | 19.42 | <0.0001 | |||
| No | 283 (42.6) | 114 (40.3) | 169 (59.7) | ||
| ≤3 times in a week | 220 (33.1) | 119 (54.1) | 101 (45.9) | ||
| >3 times in a week | 161 (24.2) | 52 (32.3) | 109 (67.7) | ||
| Smoking | 3.20 | 0.202 | |||
| Never | 509 (76.5) | 209 (41.1) | 300 (58.9) | ||
| Stopped >5 years | 59 (8.9) | 27 (45.8) | 32 (54.2) | ||
| Stopped ≤5 years and active smoker | 97 (14.6) | 49 (50.5) | 48 (49.5) | ||
| Hypertension | 0.48 | 0.502 | |||
| No | 140 (21.3) | 64 (45.7) | 76 (54.3) | ||
| Yes | 516 (78.7) | 219 (42.4) | 297 (57.6) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 0.18 | 0.686 | |||
| No | 381 (59.3) | 167 (43.8) | 214 (56.2) | ||
| Yes | 261 (40.7) | 110 (42.1) | 151 (57.9) | ||
| Any diabetes complication | 0.27 | 0.635 | |||
| No | 585 (87.7) | 253 (43.2) | 332 (56.8) | ||
| Yes | 82 (12.3) | 33 (40.2) | 49 (59.8) | ||
| Any microvascular complication | 0.22 | 0.658 | |||
| No | 617 (92.5) | 263 (42.6) | 354 (57.4) | ||
| Yes | 50 (7.5) | 23 (46.0) | 27 (54.0) | ||
| Any macrovascular complication | 0.30 | 0.628 | |||
| No | 622 (93.8) | 270 (43.4) | 352 (56.6) | ||
| Yes | 41 (6.2) | 16 (39.0) | 25 (61.0) | ||
| OHA | 1.91 | 0.169 | |||
| No | 58 (8.7) | 30 (51.7) | 28 (48.3) | ||
| Yes | 605 (91.3) | 256 (42.3) | 349 (57.7) | ||
| Insulin | 0.51 | 0.777 | |||
| None | 403 (60.9) | 170 (42.2) | 233 (57.8) | ||
| 1 type | 183 (27.6) | 81 (44.3) | 102 (55.7) | ||
| ≥2 types | 76 (11.5) | 35 (46.1) | 41 (53.9) | ||
| Number of AHA agents | 1.22 | 0.748 | |||
| None | 80 (12.1) | 35 (43.8) | 45 (56.3) | ||
| 1 type | 197 (29.8) | 90 (45.7) | 107 (54.3) | ||
| 2 types | 191 (28.9) | 83 (43.5) | 108 (56.5) | ||
| ≥3 types | 194 (29.3) | 78 (40.2) | 116 (59.8) | ||
Note:
*
Chi-square P-value.
Abbreviations: MMAS-8, 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; AHA, antihypertensive agent; RM, Ringgit Malaysia.