Table 1. Characteristics and methodological quality of included studies.
| Study | Year | Study design | Level of evidence | Study quality | Anesthesia technique | Sample size | Age(year) (M±SD) | Sex (M/F) | BMI | ASA score | Stone area or maximal diameter |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elbealy [7] | 2008 | RCT | Level 2 | 3/5 | RA(EA) | 19* | 41±13 | 19/0 | 28.1 | Ⅰ15 Ⅱ5 Ⅲ0 | ND |
| GA | 20 | 39±15 | 20/0 | 27.4 | Ⅰ15 Ⅱ5 Ⅲ0 | ND | |||||
| Karacalar [8] | 2009 | RCT | Level 2 | 3/5 | RA(CSEA) | 86 | 48.64±16 | 45/41 | 27.6±7.2 | Ⅰ35 Ⅱ51 Ⅲ0 | 1137.78mm2 |
| GA | 90 | 48.32±15 | 47/43 | 27.8±6.2 | Ⅰ37 Ⅱ53 Ⅲ0 | 598.4mm2 | |||||
| Singh [9] | 2011 | RCT | Level 2 | 3/5 | RA(CSEA) | 32 | 40.06±13.41 | 22/10 | ND | ND | 2195.31±643mm2 |
| GA | 32 | 39.66±13.7 | 18/14 | ND | ND | 2271±620mm2 | |||||
| Tangpaitoon [10] | 2012 | RCT | Level 2 | 3/5 | RA(EA) | 24 | 53.04±13.53 | 17/7 | 21.25±3.21 | Ⅰ10 Ⅱ13 Ⅲ1 | 40.8 ± 16.4mm |
| GA | 26 | 56.69±11.32 | 16/10 | 21.36±3.98 | Ⅰ7 Ⅱ18 Ⅲ1 | 35.4 ± 15.0mm | |||||
| Mehrabi [11] | 2013 | RCT | Level 2 | 3/5 | RA(SA) | 58 | 47.4±7.6 | 31/27 | 24.1±7.2 | all<Ⅲ | 32.8 ± 9.6mm |
| GA | 52 | 43.7±8.2 | 35/17 | 24.1±5.6 | all<Ⅲ | 30.9 ± 10.6mm | |||||
| Nouralizadeh [12] | 2013 | RCT | Level 2 | 3/5 | RA(SA) | 50 | 41.16±11.2 | 29/21 | ND | ND | 55.1±28.7mm |
| GA | 50 | 42.66±13.61 | 27/23 | ND | ND | 55.6±29.5mm | |||||
| Movasseghi [13] | 2014 | RCT | Level 2 | 3/5 | RA(SA) | 29 | 39.6±9.7 | 19/10 | 26.4±3.8 | Ⅰ23 Ⅱ6 Ⅲ0 | ND |
| GA | 30 | 46.9±13.6 | 19/11 | 28.1±4.6 | Ⅰ22 Ⅱ8 Ⅲ0 | ND | |||||
| Moawad [14] | 2015 | RCT | Level 2 | 2/5 | RA(SA) | 100 | 44±11 | 60/40 | 27.1±4.1 | Ⅰ65 Ⅱ35 Ⅲ0 | 31.9±7.4mm |
| GA | 100 | 43±11 | 64/36 | 27.4±2.1 | Ⅰ69 Ⅱ31 Ⅲ0 | 33.7±6.3mm | |||||
| Kuzgunbay [15] | 2009 | CS | Level 3 | 8/9 | RA(CSEA) | 37 | 44±15 | 24/13 | ND | ND | 731±394mm2 |
| GA | 45 | 45±15 | 26/19 | ND | ND | 734±386mm2 | |||||
| Kim [16] | 2013 | CS | Level 3 | 9/9 | RA(CSEA) | 77 | 54.8±12.2 | 47/30 | 25.1±3.9 | ND | 34.5±24.0mm |
| GA | 24 | 50.8±17.8 | 14/10 | 23.3±2.8 | ND | 42.3±36.1mm | |||||
| Moslemi [17] | 2013 | CS | Level 3 | 8/9 | RA(SA/EA) | 54 | 39 | ND | 25 | ⅠandⅡ59 Ⅲ5 | ND |
| GA | 69 | 41 | ND | 26 | ⅠandⅡ55**Ⅲ4 | ND | |||||
| Cicek [18] | 2014 | CS | Level 3 | 8/9 | RA(SA) | 440 | 48.8±14.03 | 283/157 | ND | Ⅰ238Ⅱ169Ⅲ33 | 533.9±480.94mm2 |
| GA | 564 | 47.2±13.83 | 344/220 | ND | Ⅰ305Ⅱ218Ⅲ39 | 529.5±324.12mm2 | |||||
| Gonen [19] | 2014 | CS | Level 3 | 9/9 | RA(SA) | 29 | 45.6±13.6 | 18/8 | ND | ND | 558.6±297.2mm2 |
| GA | 20 | 40.8±12.9 | 13/7 | ND | ND | 630.7±486.2mm2 | |||||
| Karatag [20] | 2015 | CS | Level 3 | 7/9 | RA(SA) | 63 | 45.8±14.6 | ND | 27.0±4.9 | ND | 155.08±84.9mm2 |
| GA | 53 | 30.3±22.1 | ND | 25.8±7.1 | ND | 151.00±75.5mm2 |
BMI: body mass index ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists RCT: randomized controlled trial RA: regional anesthesia EA: epidural anesthesia ND: not demonstrated GA: general anesthesia CSEA: combined spinal epidural anesthesia SA: spinal anesthesia CS: cohort study
* Originally twenty patients included in the RA group, but one patient converted to GA.
**Totally 69 patients were included in the GA group, the authors [16] might report a wrong number here.