Table 2. Factors associated with alcohol misuse (AUDIT-C ≥ 3) among 74 HIV-infected men and 61 HIV-infected women attending the Infectious Disease Institute HIV Clinic, Kampala, Uganda.
| Characteristic | Males | Females | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AUDIT-C ≥3N (%) | Unadjusted PR(95% CI) | Adjusted PR(95% CI) | AUDIT-C ≥3N (%) | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | Adjusted PR(95% CI) | |
| Receiving ART | ||||||
| Yes | 61 (82.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 40 (65.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| No | 13 (17.6) | 1.32 (0.80–2.20) | 1.65 (1.02–2.67)* | 21 (34.4) | 2.08 (1.29–3.34)** | 1.79 (1.10–2.91)* |
| Mean (SD) Age (per 10 years) | 42.8 (11.1) | 1.17 (0.95–1.43) | 34.6 (18.4) | 0.80 (0.65–0.99)* | 0.82 (0.68–0.99)* | |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 12 (16.2) | 1.11 (0.64–1.91) | 12 (19.7) | 1.05 (0.54–2.06) | ||
| Married or cohabiting | 49 (66.2) | 1.0 | 19 (31.2) | 1.0 | ||
| Separated/widowed | 13 (17.6) | 0.73 (0.43–1.26) | 30 (49.2) | 1.04 (0.61–1.79) | ||
| Education level | ||||||
| Primary or less | 29 (39.0) | 1.06 (0.69–1.63) | 37 (60.7) | 1.14 (0.69–1.87) | ||
| Secondary | 34 (46.0) | 1.0 | 21 (34.4) | 1.0 | ||
| Tertiary/diploma | 11 (15.0) | 1.22 (0.69–2.17) | 3 (4.9) | 0.85 (0.27–2.65) | ||
| Paid employment | ||||||
| Yes | 69 (93.2) | 0.86 (0.40–1.82) | 54 (88.5) | 1.37 (0.65–2.88) | ||
| No | 5 (6.8) | 1.0 | 7 (11.5) | 1.0 | ||
| Income in last month | ||||||
| <20 USD | 9 (12.2) | 0.79 (0.42–1.46) | 25(41.0) | 1.12 (0.68–1.83) | ||
| 20–400 USD | 56 (75.7) | 1.0 | 30 (49.2) | 1.0 | ||
| >400 USD | 9 (12.2) | 1.01 (0.56–1.84) | 6 (9.8) | 1.61 (0.73–3.54) | ||
| Religion | ||||||
| Anglican | 38 (51.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 22 (36.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Roman Catholic | 33 (44.6) | 0.75 (0.51–1.10) | 0.75 (0.51–1.09) | 31 (50.8) | 1.33 (0.81–2.19) | 1.28 (0.77–2.11) |
| Other religions 1 | 3 (4.0) | 0.11 (0.04–0.36)** | 0.11 (0.03–0.33)** | 8 (13.1) | 0.32 (0.15–0.71)* | 0.32 (0.15–0.69)* |
| WHO/HIV Clinical Stage | ||||||
| I & II | 27 (36.5) | 1.39 (0.93–2.07) | 40 (65.6) | 1.86 (1.14–3.06)* | ||
| III & IV | 47 (63.5) | 1.0 | 21 (34.4) | 1.0 | ||
| Mean (SD) CD4 cell count(per 100 cells/mm 3 ) | 328.7 (162.8) | 0.93 (0.86–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 488.3 (254.8) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | |
| Mean (SD) nadir CD4 cell count(per 100 cells/mm 3 ) | 177.2 (167.2) | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 284.4 (257.0) | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | ||
| Self-reported adherence to medication in the last 3 months 2 | ||||||
| Adherent | 57 (77.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 48 (78.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Non-adherent | 17 (23.0) | 1.44 (0.92–2.27) | 1.56 (1.00–2.44) | 13 (21.3) | 2.12 (1.24–3.64)* | 2.36 (1.34–4.14)* |
| CESD-10 Depression Score 3 | ||||||
| <10 points | 53 (71.6) | 1.08 (0.70–1.67) | 46 (75.4) | 1.62 (0.94–2.81) | 1.93 (1.12–3.34)* | |
| ≥10 points | 21 (28.4) | 1.0 | 15 (24.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
* p<0.05;
** p<0.001
1 Refers to Pentecostal Christianity, Islam, or Seventh Day Adventism.
2Medications included ART and/or co-trimoxazole. Adherent implied >95% score on a Visual Analogue Scale.
3Based on the10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies on Depression scale.