| Cronin, 2008, Switzerland [31] |
Cross-sectional study |
840 refugee households were interviewed in Ghana (123 households reported cases of diarrhoea) and 285 refugee households were interviewed in Kenya (47 households reported cases of diarrhoea) |
Different average amounts of water usage a day |
839 and 283 households were used to calculate the data, respectively |
| Hatch, 1994, USA [32] |
Case-control study |
A total of 489 refugee households were interviewed in Malawi. 48 suspected cholera households were compared with 441 control households |
No water container versus any water container |
The lack of water containers is seen as a proxy for inadequate volumes of drinking water (families without any water container(s) would not be likely to have access to the recommended volume of water) |
| Mahamud, 2012, Kenya [35] |
Case-control study |
93 hospitalised diarrhoea cases and 93 matched controls in Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya were interviewed |
Quantity of water consumed per person per day |
This study tries to identify possible risk factors for cholera. |
| Roberts, 2001, USA [33] |
Observational study |
310 out of the 1160 Mozambican refugees in Malawi received an improved bucket. |
Risk factor “buckets in household” (versus no buckets in household); different amounts of water used per day were compared (additional data from author) |
The study is originally a randomised intervention trial, studying the effect of an improved bucket versus a standard bucket. However, these data were not extracted for the purpose of this systematic review. We only included data from the observational part of the study (based on a questionnaire). After contacting the author, additional data were provided. |
| Spiegel, 2002, USA [34] |
Cross-sectional study |
678 296 people were included from 51 post-emergency refugee camps. Azerbaijan: 7 camps (19200 refugees); Ethiopia: 11 camps (238220 refugees); Myanmar: 3 camps (7700 refugees); Nepal: 7 camps (98100 refugees); Tanzania: 7 camps (171021 refugees); Thailand: 5 camps (30176 refugees); Uganda: 11 camps (113879 refugees) |
Refugees who received <15 l/p/d (12 camps) versus refugees who received 15-20l/p/d (12 camps) versus refugees who received >20 l/p/d (27 camps) |
|
| Thacker, 1980, USA [36] |
Cross-sectional study |
3929 drought-affected people were included, including 1997 from an area with normal water supply versus 1932 from an area with restricted water supply |
<18.9 l/p/d versus >18.9 l/p/d |
|
