Figure 4.

EPAC-RAP1 is a key pathway for replacement of Oct4 and reprogramming. (a) The PKA inhibitor, 476485, increased the number of OCT4 positive colonies in forskolin-induced reprogramming. (b) Adding the EPAC analog, 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP at higher concentrations increased the number of OCT4 positive colonies compared to a SKM control. (c) The RAP1 inhibitor GGTI-298 decreased the number of colonies in OSKM reprogramming. Statistical significance was measured using a Student's t-test (two-tailed, homoscedastic) with *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.005. The minimum colony size was 15,000 µm². Error bars represent SD (n = 3). All conditions were cultured in 0.22% DMSO and fixed with paraformaldehyde nine days postinfection.