Table 4.
Effects of potential antioxidants on oxidative stress markers in different animal models of seizures and epilepsy.
| Antioxidant | Animal | Seizure Model | Observed Marker | Results | Investigated Material | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α -Lipoic acid | Rats | Aging | SOD, CAT, GPx and GR | ↑ | Cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum and hypothalamus | [204] |
| MDA | ↓ | |||||
| Rats | PIL | SOD and CAT | ↑ | Striatum | [70] | |
| GPx | ↑ | Striatum/Hippocampus | [70, 143] | |||
| MDA and NO | ↓ | Striatum | [70] | |||
| GSH | ↑ | Hippocampus | [143] | |||
| Na+ and K+ ATP-ase | ↑ | Hippocampus | [143] | |||
| Rats | PIL | SOD, CAT and GPx | ↑ | Striatum/Hippocampus | [70, 673] | |
| MDA and NO | ↓ | Striatum/Hippocampus | [70, 673] | |||
| α -Tocopherol | Rats | PIL | SOD | ↑ | Hippocampus/Striatum | [153, 210] |
| CAT | ↑ | Hippocampus/Striatum | [125, 210] | |||
| LPO and nitrite | ↓ | Hippocampus/Striatum | [125, 210] | |||
| Rats | PTZ-kindled | TBARS and P-Carb | ↓ | Striatum | [201] | |
| LPO | ↓ | Whole brain | [193] | |||
| Rats | PIL | CAT | ↑ | Hippocampus | [122] | |
| Rats | Iron injection | H2O2 | ↓ | Whole Brain | [135] | |
| Ascorbic acid | Rats | PIL | SOD | ↑ | Hippocampus | [66] |
| CAT | ↑ | Hippocampus | [66, 89, 153] | |||
| MDA | ↓ | Hippocampus | [66, 89, 153] | |||
| NO | ↓ | Hippocampus | [66] | |||
| Rats | PTZ-kindled | P-carb | ↓ | Striatum | [164] | |
| Na+ and K+ ATP-ase | ↑ | Striatum | [164] | |||
| Rats | TMT | MDA | ↓ | Hippocampus | [165] | |
| P-carb and GSSG | ↓ | Hippocampus | [165] | |||
| GSH | ↑ | Hippocampus | [165] | |||
| Aspalatone | Rats | KA | P-carb | ↓ | Whole brain | [115] |
| MDA | ↓ | Whole brain | [115] | |||
| Curcumin | Rats | PTZ-kindled | GSH | ↑ | Whole brain | [96] |
| MDA | ↓ | Whole brain | [96] | |||
| Mice | PTZ-kindled | GSH | ↑ | Whole brain | [206] | |
| MDA | ↓ | Whole brain | [206 | |||
| Rats | PTZ-kindled | CAT | ↓ | Cerebrum, Cerebellum | [100] | |
| GSH and MDA | ↓ | Cerebrum, Cerebellum | [100] | |||
| Rats | PIL | NOS and LDH | ↓ | Hippocampus | [205] | |
| SOD and GSH | ↑ | Hippocampus | [205] | |||
| MDA | - | Hippocampus | [205] | |||
| Rats | PIL | CAT, MDA and NO | ↓ | Hippocampus | [212] | |
| GSH and Na+ and K+ ATP-ase | ↑ | Hippocampus | [212] | |||
| Rats | Phenytoin | GSH | ↑ | Whole brain | [99] | |
| MDA | ↓ | Whole brain | [99] | |||
| EPC-K1 | Rats | Iron injection | MDA | ↓ | Whole brain | [135] |
| P-carb | ↓ | Whole brain | [135] | |||
| Ginsenoside-Rd | Mice-SAM | Aging | SOD and CAT | - | Liver, serum | [207] |
| GPx and GR | ↑ | Liver, serum | [207] | |||
| MDA | ↓ | Liver, serum | [207] | |||
| GSH and GSH/GSSG | ↑ | Liver, serum | [207] | |||
| GSSG | ↓ | Liver, serum | [207] | |||
| Rats | Focal cerebral ischemia injury | SOD, CAT and GR | ↑ | Cerebral artery | [208] | |
| GSH/GSSG | ↑ | Cerebral artery | [208] | |||
| 8-OHdG, P-Carb, AGE, MDA | ↓ | Cerebral artery | [208] | |||
| Mice | Aging | SOD and GPx | ↑ | Serum | [209] | |
| MDA | ↓ | Serum | [209] | |||
| Melatonin | Mice | KA induced | mtDNA damage | ↓ | Whole brain | [145] |
| MDA | ↓ | Whole brain | [145] | |||
| Rats | KA induced | MDA | ↓ | Brain synaptosomes | [142] | |
| ROS generation | ↓ | Brain synaptosomes | [142] | |||
| Rats | KA induced | GPx and GR | ↑ | Forebrain | [148] | |
| GSH | ↑ | Hippocampus, amygdala | [148] | |||
| Rats | KA induced | GSH, GSH/GSSG | ↑ | Striatum and cortex | [149] | |
| Rats | Iron injection Iron injection |
GPx | ↑ | Whole brain | [135] | |
| NO formation | ↓ | Whole brain | [135] | |||
| Rats | Iron induced | TBARS | ↓ | Cortex | [147] | |
| Naringin | Rats | KA induced | GSH | ↑ | Whole brain | [211] |
| MDA | ↓ | Whole brain | [211] | |||
| Propolis | Rats | KA induced | MDA and P-carb | ↓ | Hippocampus | [175] |
| GSH/GSSG | ↑ | Hippocampus | [175] | |||
| Tempol | Rats | KA induced | SOD and DNA fragm. | ↓ | Hippocampus | [121] |
| Ubiquinone | Rats | PIL | SOD, CAT and GPx | ↑ | Hippocampus | [87] |
| H2O2 | ↓ | Hippocampus | [87] |
↓ - decreased, ↑ - increased, - no significant changes observed, 8-OHdG - 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, AGE - advanced glycation end-product, CAT – catalase, DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid, GPx - glutathione peroxidase, GR – glutathione reductase, GSH – glutathione, GSSG - glutathione disulfide, H2O2 – hydrogen peroxide, KA – kainic acid, LDH - lactate dehydrogenase, mtDNA – mitochondrial DNA, MDA – malondialdehyde, NO – nitric oxide, NOS - nitric oxide synthase, PIL – pilocarpin, PTZ – pentylenetetrazol, ROS – reactive oxygen species, SAM - senescence-accelerated mouse, SOD – superoxide dismutase, TBARS - thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TMT –trimethylin