Fig. (2).

Isoprenoids-related mechanisms. Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and decrease isoprenoids intermediates such as FPP and GGPP, which leads to an inhibition of isoprenylation of small GTPases such as Ras, Rho, and Rac. The many roles of statins in ischemic stroke may be due to the interruption of isoprenoid biosynthesis. IPP = isopentyl pyrophosphate; DPP = 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, GPP = geranyl pyrophosphate, FPP = farnesyl pyrophosphate, GGPP = geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, ROCK = Rho kinase, eNOS = endothelial nitric oxide synthase, NF-ćB = nuclear factor-ćB, KLF2 = Kruppel-like factor-2, tPA = tissue plasminogen activator, AT-1 = angiotensin II type 1, ET-1 = endothelin-1, DAF = decay-accelerating factor, AP-1 = activatorprotein-1, PPARs = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, ROS = reactive oxygen species, LFA-1 = lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1.