Appendix Table 1.
Predicted Mean Differences in Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Factors From Baseline, by Assigned Dietary Group: White Persons
| Variable | Predicted Mean Difference (95% CI)*
|
P Value† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-Fat Diet (n = 73) | Low-Carbohydrate Diet (n = 75) | Mean Difference in Change | ||
| Body weight, kg | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | −3.5 (−4.8 to −2.3) | −6.4 (−7.6 to −5.1) | −2.8 (−4.6 to −1.1) | 0.002 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −3.2 (−4.7 to −1.7) | −6.4 (−7.9 to −4.9) | −3.2 (−5.3 to −1.0) | 0.004 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −2.6 (−5.1 to −0.1) | −6.5 (−9.0 to −4.0) | −3.9 (−7.4 to −0.4) | 0.032 |
|
| ||||
| Waist circumference, cm | ||||
| 3 mo | −2.7 (−4.3 to −1.0) | −6.1 (−7.7 to −4.6) | −3.5 (−5.7 to −1.2) | 0.004 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −4.1 (−5.8 to −2.3) | −6.4 (−8.1 to −4.7) | −2.4 (−4.8 to 0.1) | 0.053 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −6.8 (−9.6 to −4.1) | −7.0 (−9.8 to −4.3) | −0.2 (−4.1 to 3.7) | 0.91 |
| Fat mass, % | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | −0.3 (−1.2 to 0.7) | −1.4 (−2.4 to −0.4) | −1.1 (−2.5 to 0.3) | 0.119 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −0.2 (−1.1 to 0.7) | −1.5 (−2.5 to −0.6) | −1.3 (−2.6 to 0.0) | 0.050 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −0.10 (−1.4 to 1.4) | −1.8 (−3.2 to −0.4) | −1.8 (−3.8 to 0.2) | 0.083 |
|
| ||||
| Lean mass, % | ||||
| 3 mo | 0.7 (−0.4 to 1.7) | 1.7 (0.7 to 2.8) | 1.1 (−0.4 to 2.6) | 0.156 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | 0.2 (−0.7 to 1.2) | 1.6 (0.6 to 2.7) | 1.4 (−0.0 to 2.8) | 0.052 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −0.6 (−1.9 to 0.8) | 1.5 (0.1 to 2.8) | 2.1 (0.1 to 4.0) | 0.037 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | −2.0 (−4.7 to 0.6) | −6.2 (−8.9 to −3.6) | −4.2 (−8.1 to −0.3) | 0.034 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −2.8 (−5.4 to −0.3) | −4.4 (−7.0 to −1.9) | −1.6 (−5.3 to 2.1) | 0.39 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −4.4 (−7.9 to −1.0) | −0.8 (−4.3 to 2.7) | 3.7 (−1.3 to 8.6) | 0.146 |
|
| ||||
| LDL cholesterol level, mmol/L‡ | ||||
| 3 mo | 0.09 (−0.10 to 0.28) | −0.04 (−0.23 to 0.16) | −0.13 (−0.40 to 0.14) | 0.34 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | 0.08 (−0.09 to 0.24) | −0.02 (−0.18 to 0.15) | −0.09 (−0.32 to 0.14) | 0.42 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | 0.04 (−0.20 to 0.29) | 0.03 (−0.22 to 0.27) | −0.02 (−0.37 to 0.33) | 0.91 |
| HDL cholesterol level, mmol/L‡ | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | −0.08 (−0.15 to −0.01) | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.10) | 0.11 (0.01 to 0.21) | 0.031 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −0.05 (−0.12 to 0.01) | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.18) | 0.17 (0.08 to 0.26) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −0.01 (−0.11 to 0.09) | 0.27 (0.17 to 0.38) | 0.28 (0.14 to 0.42) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Total–HDL cholesterol ratio | ||||
| 3 mo | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5) | −0.2 (−0.4 to 0.1) | −0.4 (−0.7 to −0.1) | 0.007 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.4) | −0.3 (−0.5 to −0.1) | −0.5 (−0.8 to −0.2) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.4) | −0.5 (−0.8 to −0.2) | −0.6 (−1.1 to −0.1) | 0.017 |
| Triglyceride level, mmol/L§ | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | −0.02 (−0.23 to 0.19) | −0.29 (−0.50 to −0.08) | −0.28 (−0.57 to 0.02) | 0.069 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −0.06 (−0.24 to 0.13) | −0.31 (−0.49 to −0.13) | −0.26 (−0.51 to 0.00) | 0.051 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −0.13 (−0.33 to 0.07) | −0.34 (−0.55 to −0.14) | −0.21 (−0.50 to 0.07) | 0.140 |
|
| ||||
| C-reactive protein level, nmol/L | ||||
| 3 mo | 5.7 (−5.7 to 18.1) | −10.5 (−21.9 to 1.9) | −16.2 (−33.3 to 1.0) | 0.062 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | 3.8 (−6.7 to 14.3) | −8.6 (−19.0 to 1.0) | −13.3 (−27.6 to 1.9) | 0.078 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −0.0 (−17.1 to 16.2) | −6.7 (−23.8 to 9.5) | −6.7 (−29.5 to 17.1) | 0.57 |
| 10-y Framingham risk score, % | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | 0.9 (−0.1 to 1.9) | −0.6 (−1.5 to 0.4) | −1.5 (−2.9 to −0.1) | 0.037 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | 0.7 (−0.1 to 1.4) | −0.8 (−1.5 to −0.1) | −1.5 (−2.5 to −0.4) | 0.006 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | 0.4 (−0.6 to 1.4) | −1.0 (−2.0 to −0.0) | −1.4 (−2.8 to 0.0) | 0.053 |
HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein.
*
From random-effects models that included diet, time, and diet-by-time interaction term.
†
For the between-group difference at each time point.
‡
To convert to mg/dL, divide by 0.0259.
§
To convert to mg/dL, divide by 0.0113.