Table 3.
Predicted Mean Differences in Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Factors From Baseline, by Assigned Dietary Group
| Variable | Predicted Mean Difference (95% CI)*
|
P Value† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-Fat Diet (n = 73) | Low-Carbohydrate Diet (n = 75) | Mean Difference in Change | ||
| Body weight, kg | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | −2.6 (−3.4 to −1.7) | −5.7 (−6.5 to −4.9) | −3.1 (−4.3 to −1.9) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −2.3 (−3.3 to −1.3) | −5.6 (−6.5 to −4.6) | −3.2 (−4.6 to −1.9) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −1.8 (−3.3 to −0.3) | −5.3 (−6.8 to −3.8) | −3.5 (−5.6 to −1.4) | 0.002 |
|
| ||||
| Waist circumference, cm | ||||
| 3 mo | −3.5 (−4.6 to −2.4) | −5.5 (−6.6 to −4.4) | −2.0 (−3.6 to −0.5) | 0.012 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −4.0 (−5.2 to −2.8) | −5.9 (−7.1 to −4.7) | −1.9 (−3.6 to −0.3) | 0.024 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −5.0 (−6.8 to −3.2) | −6.7 (−8.5 to −4.9) | −1.7 (−4.2 to 0.9) | 0.197 |
| Lean mass, % | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | 0.4 (−0.2 to 1.1) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.2) | 1.2 (0.3 to 2.0) | 0.010 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | 0.2 (−0.4 to 0.7) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.1) | 1.3 (0.5 to 2.2) | 0.002 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −0.4 (−1.2 to 0.4) | 1.3 (0.5 to 2.0) | 1.7 (0.6 to 2.8) | 0.003 |
|
| ||||
| Fat mass, % | ||||
| 3 mo | −0.3 (−0.9 to 0.3) | −1.1 (−1.7 to −0.5) | −0.8 (−1.6 to 0.1) | 0.066 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −0.1 (−0.6 to 0.5) | −1.1 (−1.7 to −0.6) | −1.0 (−1.8 to −0.3) | 0.011 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | 0.3 (−0.5 to 1.1) | −1.2 (−2.0 to −0.4) | −1.5 (−2.6 to −0.4) | 0.011 |
| Total cholesterol level, mmol/L‡ | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.16) | −0.09 (−0.21 to 0.04) | −0.12 (−0.30 to 0.06) | 0.20 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | 0.03 (−0.09 to 0.15) | −0.04 (−0.16 to 0.07) | −0.07 (−0.23 to 0.09) | 0.38 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | 0.03 (−0.13 to 0.18) | 0.05 (−0.11 to 0.20) | 0.02 (−0.20 to 0.24) | 0.86 |
|
| ||||
| LDL cholesterol level, mmol/L‡ | ||||
| 3 mo | 0.05 (−0.06 to 0.18) | −0.02 (−0.14 to 0.10) | −0.07 (−0.24 to 0.10) | 0.40 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | 0.02 (−0.08 to 0.13) | −0.04 (−0.15 to 0.06) | −0.06 (−0.21 to 0.09) | 0.42 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −0.05 (−0.20 to 0.11) | −0.08 (−0.24 to 0.08) | −0.04 (−0.26 to 0.19) | 0.74 |
| HDL cholesterol level, mmol/L‡ | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.02) | 0.03 (−0.02 to 0.09) | 0.06 (−0.01 to 0.14) | 0.106 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −0.00 (−0.05 to 0.05) | 0.10 (0.05 to 0.15) | 0.10 (0.03 to 0.17) | 0.004 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | 0.06 (−0.01 to 0.13) | 0.24 (0.17 to 0.31) | 0.18 (0.08 to 0.28) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Total–HDL cholesterol ratio | ||||
| 3 mo | 0.13 (−0.02 to 0.29) | −0.13 (−0.28 to 0.03) | −0.26 (−0.48 to −0.04) | 0.020 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | 0.07 (−0.06 to 0.21) | −0.25 (−0.38 to −0.11) | −0.32 (−0.51 to −0.13) | 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −0.05 (−0.24 to 0.14) | −0.49 (−0.68 to −0.29) | −0.44 (−0.71 to −0.16) | 0.002 |
| Triglyceride level, mmol/L§ | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | 0.03 (−0.08 to 0.14) | −0.21 (−0.32 to −0.11) | −0.25 (−0.40 to −0.09) | 0.002 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −0.01 (−0.10 to 0.09) | −0.22 (−0.31 to −0.13) | −0.22 (−0.35 to −0.08) | 0.002 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −0.07 (−0.18 to 0.04) | −0.23 (−0.34 to −0.12) | −0.16 (−0.31 to −0.01) | 0.038 |
|
| ||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
| 3 mo | −2.6 (−4.3 to −0.9) | −4.2 (−5.9 to −2.5) | −1.6 (−4.0 to 0.9) | 0.20 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −2.2 (−3.8 to −0.6) | −2.9 (−4.5 to −1.3) | −0.7 (−3.0 to 1.7) | 0.54 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −1.3 (−3.6 to 1.0) | −0.2 (−2.6 to 2.1) | 1.2 (−2.2 to 4.6) | 0.52 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | −0.9 (−2.1 to 0.4) | −2.3 (−3.5 to −1.1) | −1.4 (−3.2 to 0.4) | 0.112 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −0.5 (−1.7 to 0.6) | −1.7 (−2.8 to −0.5) | −1.1 (−2.8 to 0.6) | 0.177 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | 0.2 (−1.5 to 1.9) | −0.5 (−2.2 to 1.3) | −0.6 (−3.1 to 1.9) | 0.61 |
|
| ||||
| Plasma glucose level, mmol/L‖ | ||||
| 3 mo | −0.10 (−0.21 to 0.01) | −0.05 (−0.16 to 0.05) | 0.04 (−0.11 to 0.19) | 0.52 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −0.10 (−0.20 to 0.01) | 0.03 (−0.13 to 0.07) | 0.07 (−0.08 to 0.21) | 0.32 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −0.10 (−0.22 to 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.11 to 0.14) | 0.12 (−0.09 to 0.32) | 0.21 |
| Serum insulin level, pmol/L | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | −18.8 (−29.9 to −7.0) | −25.0 (−36.1 to −13.9) | −7.0 (−22.2 to 8.3) | 0.42 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −20.8 (−30.6 to −11.1) | −21.5 (−31.3 to −11.8) | −1.4 (−13.9 to 11.8) | 0.90 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −24.3 (−36.1 to −13.2) | −13.9 (−25.7 to −2.8) | 10.4 (−10.4 to 31.3) | 0.20 |
|
| ||||
| C-reactive protein level, nmol/L | ||||
| 3 mo | 5.7 (−2.9 to 13.3) | −4.8 (−13.3 to 3.8) | −10.5 (−21.9 to 1.9) | 0.099 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | 6.7 (−1.0 to 13.3) | −4.8 (−12.4 to 1.9) | −11.4 (−21.9 to −1.9) | 0.019 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | 8.6 (−1.0 to 18.1) | −6.7 (−16.2 to 2.9) | −15.2 (−27.6 to −1.9) | 0.024 |
| Serum creatinine level, μmol/L¶ | ||||
|
| ||||
| 3 mo | 1.8 (−1.7 to 5.2) | −0.1 (−3.4 to 3.3) | −1.8 (−6.6 to 2.9) | 0.45 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | −1.7 (−4.7 to 1.3) | −3.1 (−6.1 to −0.2) | −1.5 (−5.7 to 2.5) | 0.49 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | −8.5 (−12.3 to −4.6) | −9.2 (−13.1 to −5.4) | −0.7 (−6.2 to 4.7) | 0.79 |
|
| ||||
| 10-y Framingham risk score, % | ||||
| 3 mo | 0.4 (−0.1 to 0.9) | −0.5 (−1.0 to 0.0) | −0.9 (−1.6 to −0.2) | 0.019 |
|
| ||||
| 6 mo | 0.4 (0.0 to 0.8) | −0.7 (−1.0 to −0.3) | −1.0 (−1.6 to −0.5) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| 12 mo | 0.4 (−0.2 to 0.9) | −1.0 (−1.6 to −0.5) | −1.4 (−2.1 to −0.6) | <0.001 |
HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein.
*
From random-effects models that included diet, time, and diet-by-time interaction term.
†
For the between-group difference at each time point.
‡
To convert to mg/dL, divide by 0.0259.
§
To convert to mg/dL, divide by 0.0113.
‖
To convert to mg/dL, divide by 0.0555.
¶
To convert to mg/dL, divide by 88.4.