. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 12.

Published in final edited form as: J Neurol Sci. 2013 Dec 16;338(0):46–56. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.12.016

Table 1.

Demographic data and neuropsychiatric characteristics

	CN (n = 33)	LLD (n = 20)	aMCI (n =18)	aMCI-LLD (n = 13)	p-value

	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Age	72.33 ± 8.31	68.50 ± 5.96	75.39 ± 6.53	71.62 ± 6.49	0.037^*
Gender (F/M)	17/16	16/4	7/11	7/6	0.152
Education	15.06 ± 2.87	14.65 ± 2.74	13.61 ± 2.09	14.08 ± 2.93	0.297
Neuropsychiatric measurements
GDS	2.09 ± 2.05	16.80 ± 3.56	4.11 ± 2.78	16.00 ± 6.47	<0.001^a ^c ^d ^f
MMSE	28.79 ± 1.32	28.20 ± 1.20	27.33 ± 1.78	26.85 ± 1.86	0.001^b ^c ^e
HAM-A	1.25 ± 1.11	10.30 ± 5.09	2.25 ± 1.57^**	8.92 ± 4.11	<0.001^a ^c ^d ^f
LMII Recall Scores
Immediate	14.27 ± 3.40	14.10 ± 3.97	8.56 ± 3.54	7.08 ± 3.62	<0.001^a ^c ^d ^e
Delayed	12.70 ± 3.58	12.35 ± 4.07	2.50 ± 3.20	3.23 ± 3.00	<0.001^a ^c ^d ^e
DRS-2 raw scores
Attention	36.53 ± 0.51	36.45 ± 0.60	35.72 ± 0.75	36.08 ± 1.19	0.002^b ^d
Init/Pers	36.38 ± 1.31	36.30 ± 2.00	35.00 ± 3.55	32.46 ± 5.32	0.001^c ^e ^f
Construct	5.97 ± 0.18	5.95 ± 0.22	5.94 ± 0.24	5.85 ± 0.55	0.621
Conceptual	37.69 ± 1.31	36.65 ± 3.65	35.89 ± 2.37	35.54 ± 3.02	0.023^b ^c
Memory	23.63 ± 1.07	24.05 ± 1.10	18.89 ± 2.70	19.69 ± 3.52	<0.001^a ^c ^d ^e
Total	140.25 ± 2.70	139.95 ± 3.12	131.00 ± 5.35	130.00 ± 6.53	<0.001^a ^c ^d ^e
Current antidepressants (%)
No antidepressant	N/A	1 (5.0)	16 (88.9)	2 (15.4)
SSRI monotherapy	N/A	3 (15.0)	1 (5.6)	3 (23.1)
SNRI monotherapy	N/A	5 (25.0)	1 (5.6)	2 (15.4)
Other	N/A	3 (15.0)	N/A	1 (7.7)
Combination treatment	N/A	8 (40.0)	N/A	5 (38.5)
Current cognitive enhancers (%)
No cognitive enhancer	N/A	N/A	8 (44.4)	9 (69.2)
ChEI monotherapy	N/A	N/A	8 (44.4)	2 (15.4)
Memantine monotherapy	N/A	N/A	1 (5.6)	2 (15.4)
Combination treatment	N/A	N/A	1 (5.6)	N/A

Notes -

: Significant difference in age (p < 0.05) was found between LLD group and aMCI group.

^**

: Two aMCI subjects did not have HAM-A scores; the mean and SD are based on the remaining 16 subjects. ANOVA showed significant differences in neuropsychiatric measurements in GDS, MMSE, HAM-A, Recall scores (immediate and delayed), and DRS-2 raw scores (except for Construct).

^a–f

: Post-hoc analyses revealed the source of ANOVA (a: CN vs LLD, b: CN vs aMCI, c: CN vs aMCI-LLD, d: LLD vs aMCI, e: LLD vs aMCI-LLD, f: aMCI vs aMCI-LLD).

Abbreviations: CN, cognitively normal; LLD, late-life depression; aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment; aMCI-LLD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment with depression; SD, standard deviation; F/M, female/male; GDS, geriatric depression scale; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; HAM-A, Hamilton anxiety; LMII, logical memory II, DRS-2, dementia rating scale-2; Init/Pers, Initiation/Preservation; SSRI: selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors; SNRI: serotonin norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors; ChEI: cholinesterase inhibitors. Other antidepressants include: bupropion, mirtazapine, and trazodone.