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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2015 Apr;156(0 1):S50–S63. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000106

Table 1.

Resting state fMRI

Reference
#		 Sample Analysis Strategy Main Findings
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Hong et al., 2013 Female HC=76
Male HC=42
Female IBS=31
Male IBS=29		 Measured power spectrum intensity using spontaneous brain oscillations Contrast: Female IBS vs. Female HCs
The frequency power distribution was skewed
  • -

    towards high frequency (HF) to a ↑ extent in the aINS, amygdala and hippocampus

  • -

    towards low frequency (LF) to a ↑ extent in the sensorimotor cortex

Correlations:
  • -

    For female IBS, IBS symptom-related discomfort was significantly positively correlated with HF skew in the aINS

  • -

    For male IBS, no significant correlations were observed
Hong et al., 2014 Female HC=24
Male HC=24
Female IBS=24
Male IBS=24		 Measured intrinsic FC of the aINS Contrast: Female IBS vs. Female HCs
  • -

    ↑ negative FC of the dorsal aINS with mPFC and precuneus

Correlations:
  • -

    For female IBS, past 24 hour symptom intensity was significantly positively correlated with the connectivity between the left dorsal aINS and the precuneus

  • -

    For male IBS subjects, symptom worry was significantly positively correlated with the connectivity between bilateral dorsal aINS and dmPFC
Functional Dyspepsia (FD)
Liu et al., 2013 Female HC=19
Male HC=11
Female FD=20
Male FD=10
 Used support vector machine (SVM) multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) based on regional homogeneity to classify FD subjects from HCs Classification Algorithm:
  • -

    Generalization rate = 87%, sensitivity=83%, and specificity=90%

  • -

    Discriminative regions included right dmPFC, left vmPFC, left OFC, right SMA, right temporal pole, bilateral INS, right pgACC, left sgACC, right MCC, left thalamus, left hippocampus/parahippocampus, right cerebellum

Correlations:
  • -

    Dyspepsia symptom severity was significantly positively correlated with dmPFC and pgACC

  • -

    Dyspepsia symptom duration was significantly positively correlated with MCC, OFC, INS, and temporal pole
Liu et al., 2013 Female HC=25
Male HC=14
Female FD=31
Male FD=18
 Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to determine disease related resting state spatial differences within the DMN Contrast: FD vs. HC
Significant spatial differences within the DMN were observed in the following regions
  • -

    dmPFC, vmPFC, OFC, pgACC, thalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, precuneus, parietal cortex, and temporal pole

Correlations:
  • -

    Dyspepsia symptom severity was significantly positively correlated pgACC

  • -

    Dyspepsia symptom severity was significantly negatively correlated with OFC

  • -

    No significant differences were found for anxiety or depression
Nan et al., 2013 Female HC=20
Male HC=20
Female FD=20
Male FD=20
 Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) based on functional connectivity between regions of interest was used to classify FD subjects from HCs.
Training dataset used a leave one out approach, which was then validated in a replication test dataset.		 Classification Algorithm:
  • -

    Original Dataset: Accuracy = 96%, sensitivity=89%, and specificity=75%

  • -

    Replication Dataset: Accuracy = 84%, sensitivity=88%, and specificity=80%

  • -

    Discriminative regions included alterations in functional connections in the dlPFC, limbic/paralimbic system, tempo-parietal regions, and visual cortex.

Correlations:
Abnormal functional connections measured using a connectivity severity index (CSI) was
  • -

    Significantly positively correlated with dyspepsia symptom severity, depression and anxiety

  • -

    No significant correlations with dyspepsia symptom duration were found
Zhou et al., 2013 Female HC=9
Male HC=7
Female FD=19
Male FD=10		 After controlling for sex and age, group differences in amplitude low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and fractional (fALFF) changes were investigated using permutation-based nonparametric tests Contrast: FD vs. HC
Significant differences in fALFF (but not ALFF) were found in:
  • -

    right INS, bilateral brainstem, cerebellum

  • -

    In FD subjects, ↑ resting state FC was found between the left hippocampus/ parahippocampus, left pallidum, left putamen, bilateral brainstem, bilateral thalamus, and cerebellum

Correlations:
  • -

    Dyspepsia symptom severity was significantly positively correlated with fALFF changes in the right INS

  • -

    Dyspepsia symptom duration was not significantly correlated with fALFF changes
Babaei et al., 2013 HC=14 Intrinsic functional connectivity was measured across 3 conditions:

  1. Catheter in esophagus without infusion

  2. Buffer solution infused at 1mL/min

  3. Acidic solution infused at 1mL/min
  • -

    During subliminal esophageal infusion acid stimulation was associated with FC of the right aINS to the left inferior parietal lobule

  • -

    Conscious stimulation reduced FC of the right pINS to the right prefrontal operculum
Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis (PBS/IC)
Kilpatrick et al., 2014 Female HC=85
Female PBS/IC=82
 Group differences in intrinsic brain oscillations were determined by investigating alterations in frequency power distribution and functional connectivity patterns Contrast: PBS/IC vs. HC
Investigating frequency power, PBS/IC subjects indicated
  • -

    ↑ LF power in the postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex), anterior paracentral lobule (in the primary motor cortex), vSMA extending to mSMA/paracentral lobule

  • -

    ↓ LF power in the right pINS

Investigating FC, PBS/IC subjects showed
  • -

    ↑ in the anterior paracentral lobule, and medial and vSMA areas to the midbrain (red nucleus) and cerebellum.

Correlations:
For PBS/IC subjects who reported pain during bladder filling indicated increased functional connectivity between:
  • -

    mSMA and red nucleus/cerebellum

  • -

    vSMA and red nucleus/cerebellum

  • -

    anterior paracentral lobule and red nucleus/cerebellum

Abbreviations:

Groups: IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; FD, functional dyspepsia; BPS/IC, bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis; HC, healthy control FC, functional connectivity; SVM, support vector machine; MVPA, multivariate pattern analysis; ICA, independent component analysis; ALFF, amplitude low-frequency fluctuations; fALFF, fractional amplitude low-frequency fluctuations; HF, high frequency; LF, low frequency; CSI, connectivity severity index

Regions/Networks: DMN, default mode network; aINS, anterior insula; pINS, posterior insula; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; dmPFC, dorsal medial prefrontal cortex; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; dlPFC, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex; OFC, orbital frontal cortex; mSMA, medial supplementary motor area; pgACC, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex; sgACC, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex; MCC, mid cingulate cortex