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gal-1 induces DC secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Human PBMCs were cultured for 5 days with IL-4 (100 ng/ml) + GM-CSF (50 ng/ml). At day 5, 20 μM gal-1 (with or without 100 mM lactose) or N-Gal-1 were added, and the culture was continued for an additional 48 h. Cytokine secretion was measured in tissue culture supernatant by cytometric bead array. One experiment of three is shown. *, Lower limit of the linear range.
