Table 1. Overall and stratified (across the strata of health-seeking behavior) distribution of socio-demographic characteristics among recruited residents of Malda, West Bengal, India (N = 43999).
| Socio-demographics | Categories | Total (N = 43999) | Didn’t report any recent morbidity (n = 19404) | Reported to have recent morbidity & care sought from (Practitioner type) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-qualified (13074) | Qualified, private sector (8368) | Qualified, Govt. sector (3153) | |||||||||
| n | Percentage (95%CI) | n | Percentage (95%CI) | n | Percentage (95%CI) | n | Percentage (95%CI) | n | Percentage (95%CI) | ||
| Age group of the subject | <5 years | 3873 | 8.80(8.54–9.07) | 1298 | 6.69(6.34–7.04) | 1375 | 10.52(9.99–11.04) | 967 | 11.56(10.87–12.24) | 233 | 7.39(6.48–8.30) |
| 5–<18 years | 12043 | 27.37(26.95–27.79) | 7008 | 36.12(35.44–36.79) | 3013 | 23.05(22.32–23.77) | 1359 | 16.24(15.45–17.03) | 663 | 21.03(19.6–22.45) | |
| 18–40 years | 17925 | 40.74(40.28–41.20) | 8484 | 43.72(43.02–44.42) | 5208 | 39.83(39.00–40.67) | 3073 | 36.72(35.69–37.76) | 1160 | 36.79(35.11–38.47) | |
| 41–60 years | 7911 | 17.98(17.62–18.34) | 2154 | 11.10(10.66–11.54) | 2741 | 20.97(20.27–21.66) | 2195 | 26.23(25.29–27.17) | 821 | 26.04(24.51–27.57) | |
| >60 years | 2247 | 5.11(4.90–5.31) | 460 | 2.37(2.16–2.58) | 737 | 5.64(5.24–6.03) | 774 | 9.25(8.63–9.87) | 276 | 8.75(7.77–9.74) | |
| Gender | Male | 22287 | 50.65(50.19–51.12) | 10624 | 54.75(54.05–55.45) | 6073 | 46.45(45.60–47.31) | 4000 | 47.8(46.73–48.87) | 1590 | 50.43(48.68–52.17) |
| Female | 21712 | 49.35(48.88–49.81) | 8780 | 45.25(44.55–45.95) | 7001 | 53.55(52.69–54.40) | 4368 | 52.2(51.13–53.27) | 1563 | 49.57(47.83–51.32) | |
| Religion | Hindu | 29869 | 67.89(67.45–68.32) | 12843 | 66.19(65.52–66.85) | 8860 | 67.77(66.97–68.57) | 6011 | 71.83(70.87–72.80) | 2155 | 68.35(66.72–69.97) |
| Muslim | 13975 | 31.76(31.33–32.20) | 6498 | 33.49(32.82–34.15) | 4158 | 31.8(31.01–32.60) | 2335 | 27.90(26.94–28.87) | 984 | 31.21(29.59–32.83) | |
| Christian | 144 | 0.33(0.27–0.38) | 58 | 0.30(0.22–0.38) | 53 | 0.41(0.30–0.51) | 22 | 0.26(0.15–0.37) | 11 | 0.35(0.14–0.55) | |
| Sikh | 11 | 0.03(0.01–0.04) | 5 | 0.03(0.00–0.05) | 3 | 0.02(0.00–0.05) | - | - | 3 | 0.10(0.00–0.20) | |
| Caste | Scheduled caste | 16104 | 36.60(36.15–37.05) | 6918 | 35.65(34.98–36.33) | 4962 | 37.95(37.12–38.79) | 2889 | 34.52(33.51–35.54) | 1335 | 42.34(40.62–44.07) |
| Scheduled tribe | 1589 | 3.61(3.44–3.79) | 709 | 3.65(3.39–3.92) | 623 | 4.77(4.40–5.13) | 182 | 2.18(1.86–2.49) | 75 | 2.38(1.85–2.91) | |
| Other backward class | 7780 | 17.68(17.33–18.04) | 3611 | 18.61(18.06–19.16) | 2141 | 16.38(15.74–17.01) | 1499 | 17.91(17.09–18.74) | 529 | 16.78(15.47–18.08) | |
| General | 18526 | 42.11(41.64–42.57) | 8166 | 42.08(41.39–42.78) | 5348 | 40.91(40.06–41.75) | 3798 | 45.39(44.32–46.45) | 1214 | 38.50(36.80–40.20) | |
| Education level of the subject | Illiterate | 9557 | 25.00(24.57–25.44) | 3075 | 17.87(17.3–18.44) | 3693 | 33.29(32.42–34.17) | 1795 | 25.24(24.23–26.25) | 994 | 35.39(33.62–37.16) |
| Primary | 11916 | 31.17(30.71–31.64) | 5856 | 34.03(33.32–34.73) | 3462 | 31.21(30.35–32.07) | 1756 | 24.69(23.69–25.69) | 842 | 29.98(28.28–31.67) | |
| Secondary | 12782 | 33.44(32.97–33.91) | 6210 | 36.08(35.37–36.8) | 3223 | 29.06(28.21–29.90) | 2564 | 36.05(34.94–37.17) | 785 | 27.95(26.29–29.61) | |
| Higher-secondary | 2086 | 5.46(5.23–5.69) | 1069 | 6.21(5.85–6.57) | 404 | 3.64(3.29–3.99) | 486 | 6.83(6.25–7.42) | 127 | 4.52(3.75–5.29) | |
| Graduation and above | 1882 | 4.92(4.71–5.14) | 1000 | 5.81(5.46–6.16) | 310 | 2.79(2.49–3.10) | 511 | 7.19(6.58–7.79) | 61 | 2.17(1.63–2.71) | |
| Maximum educational level among adult members in the household | Illiterate | 6838 | 15.54(15.20–15.88) | 2740 | 14.12(13.63–14.61) | 2611 | 19.97(19.29–20.66) | 881 | 10.53(9.87–11.19) | 606 | 19.22(17.84–20.60) |
| Primary | 9130 | 20.75(20.37–21.13) | 3939 | 20.3(19.73–20.87) | 3130 | 23.94(23.21–24.67) | 1345 | 16.07(15.29–16.86) | 716 | 22.71(21.25–24.17) | |
| Secondary | 17080 | 38.82(38.36–39.27) | 7556 | 38.94(38.25–39.63) | 5020 | 38.40(37.56–39.23) | 3291 | 39.33(38.28–40.38) | 1213 | 38.47(36.77–40.17) | |
| Higher-secondary | 4957 | 11.27(10.97–11.56) | 2315 | 11.93(11.47–12.39) | 1188 | 9.09(8.59–9.58) | 1121 | 13.40(12.67–14.13) | 333 | 10.56(9.49–11.63) | |
| Graduation and above | 5994 | 13.62(13.30–13.94) | 2854 | 14.71(14.21–15.21) | 1125 | 8.60(8.12–9.09) | 1730 | 20.67(19.81–21.54) | 285 | 9.04(8.04–10.04) | |
| House ownership | Owned | 42122 | 95.73(95.55–95.92) | 18661 | 96.17(95.9–96.44) | 12533 | 95.86(95.52–96.20) | 7951 | 95.02(94.55–95.48) | 2977 | 94.42(93.62–95.22) |
| Rented | 1421 | 3.23(3.06–3.39) | 558 | 2.88(2.64–3.11) | 399 | 3.05(2.76–3.35) | 338 | 4.04(3.62–4.46) | 126 | 4.00(3.31–4.68) | |
| Others | 456 | 1.04(0.94–1.13) | 185 | 0.95(0.82–1.09) | 142 | 1.09(0.91–1.26) | 79 | 0.94(0.74–1.15) | 50 | 1.59(1.15–2.02) | |
| Occupational type | Sedentary | 15888 | 39.60(39.12–40.07) | 8531 | 47.12(46.39–47.84) | 3828 | 32.72(31.87–33.57) | 2534 | 34.24(33.16–35.32) | 995 | 34.08(32.36–35.80) |
| Moderate worker | 12907 | 32.17(31.71–32.62) | 4746 | 26.21(25.57–26.85) | 4097 | 35.02(34.16–35.88) | 3032 | 40.97(39.85–42.09) | 1032 | 35.34(33.61–37.08) | |
| Hard Worker | 11331 | 28.24(27.80–28.68) | 4829 | 26.67(26.03–27.31) | 3774 | 32.26(31.41–33.11) | 1835 | 24.79(23.81–25.78) | 893 | 30.58(28.91–32.25) | |
| Residential area | Rural | 27543 | 62.60(62.15–63.05) | 12192 | 62.83(62.15–63.51) | 8959 | 68.53(67.73–69.32) | 4475 | 53.48(52.41–54.55) | 1917 | 60.80(59.09–62.50) |
| Urban | 16456 | 37.40(36.95–37.85) | 7212 | 37.17(36.49–37.85) | 4115 | 31.47(30.68–32.27) | 3893 | 46.52(45.45–47.59) | 1236 | 39.20(37.5–40.91) | |
| Water source | Unsafe | 1455 | 3.31(3.14–3.47) | 678 | 3.49(3.24–3.75) | 426 | 3.26(2.95–3.56) | 238 | 2.84(2.49–3.20) | 113 | 3.58(2.93–4.23) |
| May be unsafe | 40208 | 91.38(91.12–91.65) | 17671 | 91.07(90.67–91.47) | 12258 | 93.76(93.34–94.17) | 7375 | 88.13(87.44–88.83) | 2904 | 92.10(91.16–93.04) | |
| Safe | 2336 | 5.31(5.10–5.52) | 1055 | 5.44(5.12–5.76) | 390 | 2.98(2.69–3.27) | 755 | 9.02(8.41–9.64) | 136 | 4.31(3.60–5.020) | |
| Location of water source | Elsewhere | 22140 | 50.32(49.85–50.79) | 9657 | 49.77(49.06–50.47) | 6497 | 49.69(48.84–50.55) | 4394 | 52.51(51.44–53.58) | 1592 | 50.49(48.75–52.24) |
| In own yard/plot | 15209 | 34.57(34.12–35.01) | 6757 | 34.82(34.15–35.49) | 4649 | 35.56(34.74–36.38) | 2684 | 32.07(31.07–33.07) | 1119 | 35.49(33.82–37.16) | |
| In own dwelling | 6650 | 15.11(14.78–15.45) | 2990 | 15.41(14.90–15.92) | 1928 | 14.75(14.14–15.35) | 1290 | 15.42(14.64–16.19) | 442 | 14.02(12.81–15.23) | |
| Water treatment at home | No | 41825 | 95.06(94.86–95.26) | 18391 | 94.78(94.47–95.09) | 12689 | 97.06(96.77–97.35) | 7719 | 92.24(91.67–92.82) | 3026 | 95.97(95.29–96.66) |
| Yes | 2174 | 4.94(4.74–5.14) | 1013 | 5.22(4.91–5.53) | 385 | 2.94(2.66–3.23) | 649 | 7.76(7.18–8.33) | 127 | 4.03(3.34–4.71) | |
| Sanitation level of the practices regarding toilet use | Poor | 11856 | 26.95(26.53–27.36) | 5133 | 26.45(25.83–27.07) | 4282 | 32.75(31.95–33.56) | 1523 | 18.20(17.37–19.03) | 918 | 29.12(27.53–30.70) |
| Average | 18668 | 42.43(41.97–42.89) | 8287 | 42.71(42.01–43.40) | 5634 | 43.09(42.24–43.94) | 3338 | 39.89(38.84–40.94) | 1409 | 44.69(42.95–46.42) | |
| Good | 13475 | 30.63(30.20–31.06) | 5984 | 30.84(30.19–31.49) | 3158 | 24.15(23.42–24.89) | 3507 | 41.91(40.85–42.97) | 826 | 26.20(24.66–27.73) | |
| Material used for cooking | Crop residue/Cow dung cake | 13441 | 30.55(30.12–30.99) | 6084 | 31.36(30.71–32.01) | 4610 | 35.27(34.45–36.09) | 1900 | 22.71(21.81–23.61) | 847 | 26.86(25.32–28.41) |
| Firewood/Coal/lignite/charcoal | 17376 | 39.50(39.04–39.96) | 7624 | 39.30(38.61–39.99) | 5525 | 42.27(41.42–43.12) | 2758 | 32.97(31.96–33.97) | 1469 | 46.59(44.85–48.33) | |
| Kerosene | 379 | 0.86(0.78–0.95) | 156 | 0.80(0.68–0.93) | 120 | 0.92(0.75–1.08) | 73 | 0.87(0.67–1.07) | 30 | 0.95(0.61–1.29) | |
| LPG/PNG/Electricity | 12794 | 29.08(28.66–29.51) | 5536 | 28.54(27.90–29.17) | 2816 | 21.54(20.84–22.25) | 3635 | 43.45(42.39–44.51) | 807 | 25.59(24.07–27.12) | |
| Housing type | Kachha | 15377 | 34.97(34.52–35.41) | 6808 | 35.10(34.43–35.78) | 5260 | 40.26(39.42–41.10) | 2114 | 25.28(24.34–26.21) | 1195 | 37.90(36.21–39.59) |
| Semi-pucca | 16639 | 37.84(37.38–38.29) | 7152 | 36.88(36.20–37.56) | 5133 | 39.29(38.45–40.12) | 3023 | 36.14(35.11–37.17) | 1331 | 42.21(40.49–43.94) | |
| Pacca | 11961 | 27.20(26.78–27.61) | 5434 | 28.02(27.39–28.65) | 2673 | 20.46(19.77–21.15) | 3227 | 38.58(37.54–39.63) | 627 | 19.89(18.49–21.28) | |
| Light source at the household | No lighting | 62 | 0.14(0.11–0.18) | 26 | 0.13(0.08–0.19) | 20 | 0.15(0.09–0.22) | 8 | 0.10(0.03–0.16) | 8 | 0.25(0.08–0.43) |
| Kerosene | 4802 | 10.92(10.62–11.21) | 2032 | 10.47(10.04–10.90) | 1754 | 13.42(12.83–14.00) | 585 | 6.99(6.44–7.54) | 431 | 13.67(12.47–14.87) | |
| Solar | 32 | 0.07(0.05–0.10) | 14 | 0.07(0.03–0.11) | 9 | 0.07(0.02–0.11) | 7 | 0.08(0.02–0.15) | 2 | 0.06(0.00–0.15) | |
| Electricity | 39098 | 88.87(88.58–89.17) | 17330 | 89.32(88.89–89.76) | 11288 | 86.36(85.77–86.95) | 7768 | 92.83(92.28–93.38) | 2712 | 86.01(84.80–87.22) | |
| Socio-economic status (SES) | Very poor | 9186 | 20.88(20.50–021.26) | 3657 | 18.85(18.30–19.40) | 3452 | 26.40(25.65–27.16) | 1288 | 15.39(14.62–16.17) | 789 | 25.02(23.51–26.54) |
| Poor | 10157 | 23.08(22.69–23.48) | 4216 | 21.73(21.15–22.31) | 3085 | 23.60(22.87–24.32) | 2022 | 24.16(23.25–25.08) | 834 | 26.45(24.91–27.99) | |
| Lower middle | 7065 | 16.06(15.71–16.40) | 3112 | 16.04(15.52–16.55) | 1948 | 14.90(14.29–15.51) | 1513 | 18.08(17.26–18.91) | 492 | 15.60(14.34–16.87) | |
| Upper middle | 9038 | 20.54(20.16–20.92) | 4182 | 21.55(20.97–22.13) | 2338 | 17.88(17.23–18.54) | 1991 | 23.79(22.88–24.71) | 527 | 16.71(15.41–18.02) | |
| Upper | 8553 | 19.44(19.07–19.81) | 4237 | 21.84(21.25–22.42) | 2251 | 17.22(16.57–17.86) | 1554 | 18.57(17.74–19.40) | 511 | 16.21(14.92–17.49) | |
n = Stratum specific number of participants; 95%CI = 95% Confidence Interval