Table 2.
Role of macronutrients in skin health and function
| Macronutrient | Function | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose | |||
| High concentration | ↓ Wound healing | ↑ Keratinocyte (KC) differentiation ↓ Proliferation in KC and Fibroblast (FB) |
Spravchikov et al., 2001 Hehenberger et al., 1998 |
| Amino Acid | |||
| Proline | Protect against UV irradiation-induced skin aging | ↑ Collagen synthesis in FB | Karna et al., 2001 |
| Glutamate | |||
| Arginine | ↑ Wound healing | ↑ NO production → ↑ Collagen synthesis in FB | Stechmiller et al., 2005 |
| Ornithine | Shi et al., 2002 | ||
| Mixtures from (Mytilus galloprovincialis & Rapana venosa | Badiu et al., 2010 | ||
| Silk protein (sericin) | Improves AD | ↑ Filaggrin ↓ TEWL |
Kim et al., 2012 |
| Lipid | |||
| Ceramide | ↑ Epidermal | Serve as a key constituent in epidermal membrane | Uchida, 2014 |
| Cholesterol | Permeability | ||
| Fatty acids | Barrier | ||
| Ceramide (toxic levels) | ↑ Apoptosis | High dose UVB → ↑↑ Ceramide → Caspase-independent mechanism | Uchida et al., 2010 |
| Ceramide (Subtoxic levels) | ↓ Apoptosis | Low dose UVB→ ↑ Ceramide → ↑ non-apoptotic metabolites (e.g., Sphingosine-1-Phosphate) | |
| Sphingosine-1-Phosphate | ↑ Innate immunity | NF-κB activation → ↑ Cathelicidin | Park et al., 2013 |
| Ceramide-1-Phosphate | ↑ Innate immunity | STAT1/3 activation → ↑ β-defensin2/3 | Kim et al., 2014 |