Table 2.
Covariate-adjusted associations between infant dietary patterns and childhood bone outcomes (N = 2850)
| BMD (mg/cm2) | p value | BMC (g) | p value | aBMC (g) | p value | BA (cm2) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Potatoes, rice, and vegetables | ||||||||
| Continuously (per SD) | 0.76 (−0.71, 2.22) | 0.31 | 1.48 (−0.29, 3.26) | 0.10 | 0.28 (−1.21, 1.77) | 0.72 | 1.56 (−0.63, 3.74) | 0.16 |
| Quartile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Quartile 2 | −0.39 (−3.80, 3.03) | 0.82 | 0.50 (−3.65, 4.64) | 0.81 | −1.32 (−4.80, 2.15) | 0.46 | 2.35 (−2.75, 7.45) | 0.37 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.89 (−1.62, 5.40) | 0.29 | 3.73 (−0.52, 7.98) | 0.09 | 1.00 (−2.57, 4.56) | 0.58 | 3.54 (−1.70, 8.77) | 0.19 |
| Quartile 4 | 2.28 (−1.52, 6.07) | 0.24 | 4.22 (−0.38, 8.83) | 0.07 | 0.83 (−3.03, 4.69) | 0.67 | 4.39 (−1.28, 10.05) | 0.13 |
| Refined grains and confectionery | ||||||||
| Continuously (per SD) | 1.02 (−0.64, 2.68) | 0.23 | 0.97 (−1.05, 2.99) | 0.35 | 0.84 (−0.85, 2.53) | 0.33 | 0.16 (−2.33, 2.64) | 0.90 |
| Quartile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Quartile 2 | −0.65 (−4.11, 2.81) | 0.71 | 0.70 (−3.50, 4.98) | 0.75 | −1.62 (−5.13, 1.90) | 0.37 | 2.99 (−2.18, 8.16) | 0.26 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.94 (−2.66, 4.54) | 0.61 | 1.68 (−2.68, 6.05) | 0.45 | 0.48 (−3.18, 4.14) | 0.80 | 1.56 (−3.82, 6.93) | 0.57 |
| Quartile 4 | 0.55 (−3.48, 4.58) | 0.79 | 1.43 (−0.33, 3.19) | 0.45 | 0.01 (−4.09, 4.10) | 0.99 | 2.46 (−3.57, 8.59) | 0.42 |
| Dairy and whole grains | ||||||||
| Continuously (per SD) | 1.48 (0.17, 2.79)* | 0.03 | 0.66 (−0.93, 2.25) | 0.42 | 1.84 (0.51, 3.17)* | <0.01 | −1.53 (−3.48, 0.43) | 0.13 |
| Quartile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 0.73 (−2.77, 4.23) | 0.68 | −0.16 (−4.40, 4.07) | 0.94 | 1.18 (−2.38, 4.73) | 0.52 | −1.73 (−6.95, 3.49) | 0.52 |
| Quartile 3 | 2.12 (−1.50, 5.74) | 0.25 | 2.47 (−1.92, 6.86) | 0.27 | 2.04 (−1.65, 5.72) | 0.28 | 0.56 (−4.84, 5.96) | 0.84 |
| Quartile 4 | 3.98 (0.36, 7.61)* | 0.03 | 1.88 (−2.52, 6.27) | 0.40 | 4.96 (1.27, 8.64)* | <0.01 | −3.98 (−9.40, 1.43) | 0.15 |
Values are based on multiple linear regression models and reflect differences and 95 % CI in bone outcomes for quartiles of dietary pattern adherence scores, as compared to the lowest quartile. Values for dietary patterns continuously reflect a difference per one SD increase in adherence scores. Models are adjusted for child’s sex, ethnicity, birth weight Z-score, adherence scores for the two other dietary patterns, total energy intake, time interval between dietary assessment and visit, age at visit, height at visit, weight at visit (i.e., fat + lean mass), and maternal BMI at enrolment
aBMC area-adjusted bone mineral content, BA bone area, BMC bone mineral content, BMD bone mineral density
*p < 0.05