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. 2015 Mar 20;26(5):1595–1604. doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3033-1

Table 2.

Covariate-adjusted associations between infant dietary patterns and childhood bone outcomes (N = 2850)

BMD (mg/cm2) p value BMC (g) p value aBMC (g) p value BA (cm2) p value
Potatoes, rice, and vegetables
 Continuously (per SD) 0.76 (−0.71, 2.22) 0.31 1.48 (−0.29, 3.26) 0.10 0.28 (−1.21, 1.77) 0.72 1.56 (−0.63, 3.74) 0.16
  Quartile 1 Reference Reference Reference Reference
  Quartile 2 −0.39 (−3.80, 3.03) 0.82 0.50 (−3.65, 4.64) 0.81 −1.32 (−4.80, 2.15) 0.46 2.35 (−2.75, 7.45) 0.37
  Quartile 3 1.89 (−1.62, 5.40) 0.29 3.73 (−0.52, 7.98) 0.09 1.00 (−2.57, 4.56) 0.58 3.54 (−1.70, 8.77) 0.19
  Quartile 4 2.28 (−1.52, 6.07) 0.24 4.22 (−0.38, 8.83) 0.07 0.83 (−3.03, 4.69) 0.67 4.39 (−1.28, 10.05) 0.13
Refined grains and confectionery
 Continuously (per SD) 1.02 (−0.64, 2.68) 0.23 0.97 (−1.05, 2.99) 0.35 0.84 (−0.85, 2.53) 0.33 0.16 (−2.33, 2.64) 0.90
  Quartile 1 Reference Reference Reference Reference
  Quartile 2 −0.65 (−4.11, 2.81) 0.71 0.70 (−3.50, 4.98) 0.75 −1.62 (−5.13, 1.90) 0.37 2.99 (−2.18, 8.16) 0.26
  Quartile 3 0.94 (−2.66, 4.54) 0.61 1.68 (−2.68, 6.05) 0.45 0.48 (−3.18, 4.14) 0.80 1.56 (−3.82, 6.93) 0.57
  Quartile 4 0.55 (−3.48, 4.58) 0.79 1.43 (−0.33, 3.19) 0.45 0.01 (−4.09, 4.10) 0.99 2.46 (−3.57, 8.59) 0.42
Dairy and whole grains
 Continuously (per SD) 1.48 (0.17, 2.79)* 0.03 0.66 (−0.93, 2.25) 0.42 1.84 (0.51, 3.17)* <0.01 −1.53 (−3.48, 0.43) 0.13
  Quartile 1 Reference Reference Reference Reference
  Quartile 2 0.73 (−2.77, 4.23) 0.68 −0.16 (−4.40, 4.07) 0.94 1.18 (−2.38, 4.73) 0.52 −1.73 (−6.95, 3.49) 0.52
  Quartile 3 2.12 (−1.50, 5.74) 0.25 2.47 (−1.92, 6.86) 0.27 2.04 (−1.65, 5.72) 0.28 0.56 (−4.84, 5.96) 0.84
  Quartile 4 3.98 (0.36, 7.61)* 0.03 1.88 (−2.52, 6.27) 0.40 4.96 (1.27, 8.64)* <0.01 −3.98 (−9.40, 1.43) 0.15

Values are based on multiple linear regression models and reflect differences and 95 % CI in bone outcomes for quartiles of dietary pattern adherence scores, as compared to the lowest quartile. Values for dietary patterns continuously reflect a difference per one SD increase in adherence scores. Models are adjusted for child’s sex, ethnicity, birth weight Z-score, adherence scores for the two other dietary patterns, total energy intake, time interval between dietary assessment and visit, age at visit, height at visit, weight at visit (i.e., fat + lean mass), and maternal BMI at enrolment

aBMC area-adjusted bone mineral content, BA bone area, BMC bone mineral content, BMD bone mineral density

*p < 0.05