Table 3.
Covariate-adjusted associations between infant dietary patterns and childhood bone outcomes, stratified for vitamin D supplementation (N = 2850)
| BMD (mg/cm2) | p value | BMC (g) | p value | aBMC (g) | p value | BA (cm2) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No vitamin D supplementation (n = 1473) | ||||||||
| Potatoes, rice, and vegetables | 1.01 (−1.05, 3.08) | 0.34 | 2.49 (−0.01, 4.99) | 0.05 | 0.18 (−1.90, 2.26) | 0.87 | 2.99 (−0.13, 6.10) | 0.06 |
| Refined grains and confectionery | 0.76 (−1.55, 3.06) | 0.52 | 1.13 (−1.35, 4.21) | 0.31 | 0.24 (−2.07, 2.57) | 0.83 | 1.53 (−1.94, 5.00) | 0.37 |
| Dairy and whole grains | 2.03 (−0.06, 4.12) | 0.06 | −0.25 (−2.77, 2.28) | 0.85 | 2.73 (0.62, 4.84) * | 0.01 | −3.85 (−7.01, −0.68) * | 0.02 |
| Vitamin D supplementation (n = 1377) | ||||||||
| Potatoes, rice, and vegetables | 0.27 (−1.85, 2.38) | 0.81 | 0.59 (−1.99, 3.16) | 0.66 | 0.10 (−2.06, 2.27) | 0.93 | 0.63 (−2.49, 4.75) | 0.69 |
| Refined grains and confectionery | 1.28 (−1.16, 3.71) | 0.30 | 0.72 (−2.25, 3.68) | 0.64 | 1.38 (−1.11, 3.87) | 0.28 | −0.86 (−4.45, 2.74) | 0.64 |
| Dairy and whole grains | 0.30 (−1.58, 2.19) | 0.75 | 1.11 (−1.18, 3.40) | 0.34 | 0.16 (−1.77, 2.08) | 0.87 | 1.24 (−1.54, 4.01) | 0.38 |
Values are based on multiple linear regression models and reflect differences and 95 % CI in bone outcomes for one SD increase in dietary pattern adherence scores. Models are adjusted for child’s sex, ethnicity, birth weight Z-score, adherence scores for the two other dietary patterns, total energy intake, time interval between dietary assessment and visit, age at visit, height at visit, weight at visit (i.e., fat + lean mass), and maternal BMI at enrolment
aBMC area-adjusted bone mineral content, BA bone area, BMC bone mineral content, BMD bone mineral density
*p < 0.05