. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 12.

Published in final edited form as: Br J Nutr. 2012 Jun;107(0 2):S271–S283. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512001651

Table 3.

Intervention studies analyzing n-3 fatty acids and genetic variants in determining intermediate and disease phenotypes

Reference	Study population	Phenotype	Genetic variant	Interaction	Main results
Lindman et al.⁽⁴⁹⁾	Intervention study in 219 subjects from the Diet and Omega-3 Intervention Trial on atherosclerosis (DOIT). Four groups: placebo capsules, placebo and dietary advice, very long chain (VLC) n-3 capsules, or VLC n-3 capsules and dietary advice combined.	Plasma coagulation factor VII (FVII), choline-containing phospholipids and triglycerides	FVII gene (R353Q polymorphism)	No	The observed effects of the intervention were independent of the R353Q genotype
Lindi et al.⁽⁵⁰⁾	Intervention study in 76 men and 74 women in a controlled trial. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume either fish oil supplements (omega-3 fatty acids/d) or placebo capsules for 3 months.	Plasma lipids and lipoproteins	PPARG2 gene (Pro12Ala polymorphism)	Yes PPARG2 polymorphism and n-3 fatty acids	The Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPARG2 gene may modify the inter-individual variability in plasma triglyceride response to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. Carriers of the Ala12 allele presented a higher decrease in plasma triglycerides.
Madden et al.⁽⁵¹⁾	Intervention study with fish oil supplementation in patients with claudication secondary to peripheral arterial disease. Fish oil supplementation for 12 weeks.	Inflammatory markers and ankle brachial pressure index	TNFA, IL1B and and IL-10 genes	No	Any of the genotypes examined affected the results
Nelson et al.⁽⁵²⁾	Intervention using alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in healthy adult males and females. The control subjects (27) were instructed not to alter their habitual diet and the ALA group (n = 30) was instructed to follow an enriched ALA diet by using flaxseed oil capsules.	Adiponectin and lipids	ADIPOQ gene (276 and 45 polymorphisms)	No	The effects of ALA on adiponectin were independent of the genotype
Madden et al.⁽⁵³⁾	Intervention study in 111 healthy Caucasian men. Subjects consumed habitual diets while taking 6 g MaxEPA daily for 12 weeks	Plasma lipids	CD36 gene (polymorphisms: 25444G > A, 27645del > ins, 30294G > C, −31118G > A and −33137A > G)	Yes CD36 (25444G > A) and EPA	The CD36 polymorphisms modulated the effect of EPA on decreasing triglycerides and increasing HDL-C
Ferguson et al.⁽⁵⁴⁾	LIPGENE dietary intervention cohort. 450 individuals with metabolic syndrome and dietary fat modification for 12 weeks	Biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and plasma fatty acid composition	NOS3 gene (polymorphisms: rs11771443, rs1800783, rs1800779, rs1799983, rs3918227, and rs743507)	Yes NOS3 rs1799983 SNP and plasma n-3 PUFA status	Minor allele carriers (AC + AA) of the rs1799983 showed an inverse association with significantly higher plasma triglyceride concentrations in those with low plasma n-3 PUFA status but the major allele homozygotes (CC) did not.

PPARG2: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ2; TNFA: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; ADIPOQ: Adiponectin; IL: Interleukin; CD36: Cluster of Differentiation 36; NOS3: nitric oxide synthase 3