Table 4.
Means and Standard Deviations for Outcome Variables by Acculturation Trajectory Class
| Outcome | Acculturation Trajectory Class | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| III | IIS | ISI | ISS | SII | SSI | SSS | |
| Self-Esteem | 42.68a (6.45) | 42.25a (4.98) | 40.57a (6.12) | 40.25a (7.04) | 45.00a (4.85) | 43.72a (4.66) | 36.63b (7.42) |
| Depressive Symptoms | 26.15ac (19.60) | 15.25b (14.28) | 28.96ac (15.25) | 30.31ac (13.66) | 22.10ab (19.37) | 19.94ab (11.52) | 35.12d (12.37) |
| Optimism | 26.60ac (5.00) | 26.50a (2.93) | 24.98ab (4.49) | 22.31b (5.67) | 28.00a (2.21) | 26.61a (2.33) | 19.65c (6.20) |
| Prosocial Behavior | 49.53a (14.78) | 49.13a (14.78) | 37.20b (12.57) | 33.09b (11.36) | 51.50a (18.37) | 36.61b (12.69) | 33.67b (11.68) |
| Parent-Adolescent Communication | 57.29a (14.05) | 53.17ab (11.44) | 52.05ab (16.48) | 48.38b (12.97) | 46.83bc (18.80) | 55.03a (11.17) | 43.71c (8.86) |
| Positive Parenting | 28.48a (6.12) | 23.38bc (9.13) | 22.80b (6.94) | 21.46bd (7.16) | 27.20ac (6.09) | 21.83bd (8.46) | 18.02d (6.23) |
| Parental Involvement | 50.02a (8.20) | 48.00ab (9.22) | 42.22bc (11.98) | 40.03c (10.05) | 47.74ab (9.17) | 46.81ab (7.50) | 34.11d (10.22) |
| Overall Family Cohesion | 16.13a (2.58) | 15.25a (5.23) | 13.07b (3.65) | 12.36b (3.31) | 14.50ab (4.40) | 12.06b (3.73) | 10.20c (3.56) |
| Overall Family Communication | 7.95a (1.65) | 7.25ab (3.11) | 6.57b (2.02) | 6.10b (1.83) | 7.10ab (1.52) | 6.00b (1.97) | 5.08c (2.10) |
Note: Within each row, means that share a subscript do not differ significantly at p < .05.
Note: Pairwise comparisons were conducted adjusting for nesting of participants within schools and controlling for annual family income, gender, site, and years in the United States.