Table 1.
Genes with hypermethylation patterns reported in the progression of Barrett's esophagus and/or esophageal adenocarcinoma
| Classification | Gene | Full name | Function | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cell cycle control gene | CDKN2A | P16 | Cell cycle control | 6, 44 |
| DNA repair genes | MGMT | O6‐methylguanine DNA methyltransferase | DNA repair | 29, 45, 46, 47 |
| Growth factor response related genes | CRBP1 | Cellular retinol binding protein 1 | Retinol transport | 6, 8, 44 |
| IGFBP7 | Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 7 | Modulates binding of insulin‐like factors to IGF receptors | 48 | |
| SOCS3 | Suppressor of Cytokine signaling 3 | Suppression of JAK/STAT pathway | 1, 6, 8, 46 | |
| Metastasis antagonizing genes | CDH1 | E‐cadherin | Cell adhesion | 1, 6, 40, 49, 50 |
| CDH13 | T‐cadherin | Cell adhesion, proliferation, metastasis | 1, 6, 10, 11, 12 | |
| Proapoptotic genes | DAPK1 | Death associated protein kinase 1 | Apoptosis | 12, 45 |
| RUNX3 | Runt‐related transcription factor 1 | Proapoptotic factor in TGF‐β Pathway | 6, 8, 49, 50 | |
| Tumor suppressor gene | AKAP12 | A‐kinase anchoring protein 12 | Controls cell signaling, cell adhesion, mitogenesis, and differentiation | 6, 8, 50 |
| Wnt signaling related genes | APC | Adenomatous Polyposis coli | Involved in cell adhesion through its interaction with β‐catenin–cadherin proteins. | 1, 8, 29, 44, 48, 50, 51 |
| SFRP1 | Secreted frizzled‐related protein 1 | Antagonist of Wnt protein receptors | 6, 45, 47 | |
| WIF1 | Wnt inhibitory factor 1 | Wnt‐signaling pathway inhibitor | 6, 8, 44, 50 | |
| Other genes with tumor suppressive functions | CALCA | Calcitonin | Regulates calcitonin levels through adenylate cyclase | 6, 40 |
| ESR1 | Estrogen receptor α | Hormone receptor in mammary cells | 1, 6, 8, 40 | |
| EYA4 | Eyes absent homolog 4 | Transcriptional activator important for function of the organ of Corti | 1, 8, 50 | |
| GPX3 | Glutathione peroxidase | Catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide | 1, 4, 6, 8, 44, 47 | |
| GSTM2 | Glutathione S‐transferase Mu 2 | Glutathione transferase activity | 45, 50, 52 | |
| MYOD1 | Myoblast determination protein 1 | Muscle differentiation | 1, 6, 40 | |
| NELL1 | Protein kinase C‐binding protein NELL1 | Cell growth regulation and differentiation | 6, 44, 50 | |
| RPRM | REPRIMO | Regulates p53‐mediated cell cycle arrest | 6, 8, 41, 50 | |
| SST | Somatostatin | Somatostatin hormone | 44, 50 | |
| TAC1 | Protachykinin‐1 | Tachykinin peptide hormone | 6, 44, 50 | |
| TIMP3 | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase | Metalloproteinase inhibitor | 1, 6, 40, 44, 47, 50, 53 |