(A) Diagrammatic representation of the different mechanisms involved in cyst development during in vitro culture. Image reconstructed using the figure published by Rogan and Richard (1986) [29]. This image is similar but not identical to the original image, and is therefore for illustrative purposes only. (B) Transmission and confocal microscopy of a brood capsule (a,b), an everted brood capsule (c,d), protoscoleces with posterior bladders (e,f), developing cysts from posterior bladders (g-j), vesicularized protoscoleces (k-p) and pre-microcysts developed from vesicularized protoscoleces (q-x). bc: brood capsule; ebc: everted brood capsule; pb: posterior bladder; st: stalk; nu: nucleus; dh: disrupted rostellar hook; broken-lined box indicates stalk portion; solid-lined boxes indicate distribution of nuclei in vesicularized protoscoleces. Bars indicate 200 μm (b and d) and 100 μm (f, h, j, l, o, r and u).