Table 2.
Summary of within and between group changes on clinical outcomes
| Outcome measures | Boxing (n = 6) | Walking (n = 6) | P (between groups) | Effect size (between groups) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 0 | Week 16 | %Change | P | Effect size (within group) | Week 0 | Week 16 | %Change | P | Effect size (within group) | |||
| Obesity outcomes: | ||||||||||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 111.1 (18.0) | 104.4 (12.2) | -5.3 (7.7) | 0.19 | 0.48 | 98.4 (6.2) | 97.8 (6.7) | -0.6 (2.7) | 0.61 | 0.10 | 0.86 | 0.004 |
| Body mass (kg) | 95.7 (21.0) | 90.8 (15.1) | -4.1 (7.0) | 0.23 | 0.29 | 85.6 (9.1) | 85.4 (9.4) | -0.3 (1.2) | 0.63 | 0.02 | 0.93 | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.0 (5.9) | 30.5 (4.0) | -4.0 (7.3) | 0.25 | 0.33 | 30.8 (2.6) | 30.7 (3.0) | -0.3 (1.8) | 0.78 | 0.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 33.5 (10.1) | 29.5 (11.1) | -13.2 (10.6) | 0.047 | 0.41 | 37.3 (13.1) | 35.0 (11.3) | -5.4 (7.5) | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.95 | 0.004 |
| Cardiovascular outcomes: | ||||||||||||
| Resting HR (beats/min) | 66 (4) | 62 (6) | -6 (8) | 0.10 | 0.86 | 75 (12) | 74 (11) | -1 (4) | 0.43 | 0.09 | 0.34 | 0.13 |
| Resting SBP (mmHg) | 137 (12) | 123 (8) | -10 (7) | 0.026 | 1.50 | 127 (4) | 129 (8) | +2 (5) | 0.45 | 0.34 | 0.10 | 0.33 |
| Resting DBP (mmHg) | 89 (8) | 82 (9) | -8 (8) | 0.074 | 0.90 | 89 (7) | 89 (5) | 0 (7) | 1 | 0 | 0.16 | 0.26 |
| Augmentation Index (%) | 17.0 (15.4) | 7.2 (15.7) | -126.7 (128.4) | <0.001 | 0.69 | 12.0 (18.5) | 16.8 (12.6) | +41.4 (95.2) | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.064 | 0.41 |
| Pulse Pressure (mmHg) | 47 (9) | 41 (5) | -10 (23) | 0.28 | 0.90 | 38 (3) | 41 (4) | +9 (14.0) | 0.22 | 0.93 | 0.36 | 0.12 |
| VO2max (ml/kg min) | 27.9 (2.4) | 32.5 (5.0) | +16.9 (18.6) | 0.06 | 1.28 | 29.0 (6.4) | 28.8 (8.0) | -1.1 (16.3) | 0.93 | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.13 |
| VO2max (L/min) | 2.691 (0.688) | 2.970 (0.802) | +10.2 (6.7) | 0.015 | 0.41 | 2.490 (0.691) | 2.454 (0.761) | -1.6 (16.5) | 0.78 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.21 |
| HRQoL outcomes: | ||||||||||||
| Physical Functioning | 92.5 (6.1) | 96.7 (2.6) | +4.7 (4.4) | 0.042 | 0.98 | 91.7 (11.7) | 90.8 (8.0) | -0.12 (9.3) | 0.81 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.32 |
| General Health | 53.3 (8.8) | 65.0 (8.9) | +25.2 (32.1) | 0.07 | 1.45 | 65.8 (20.1) | 62.5 (25.1) | -7.3 (16.8) | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.22 |
| Vitality | 50.0 (28.5) | 66.3 (191) | +54.8 (49.9) | 0.024 | 0.74 | 68.8 (32.6) | 59.7 (33.8) | -19.1 (28.3) | 0.043 | 0.30 | 0.02 | 0.54 |
Data expressed as mean (standard deviation). Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, HR heart rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, VO 2peak peak oxygen consumption. Effect size = Cohen’s d.