. 2015 Apr 17;14:31. doi: 10.1186/s40200-015-0154-1

Table 1.

Summary of studies include in meta-analysis indicating the therapeutic intervention used, and the principle measure of interest reported used for comparison within analysis

Study	Therapeutic intervention (Group (N) size & gender of treatment group)	Duration	Summary description of therapeutic intervention	Measures of Interest reported for comparison
Ahmadizad [83]^$	ET (8-M)	3x’s/wk for 12-wk	ET: 75–85% of MHR for 20-30-min (progressive),	BM, I, Adip
Ahmadizad [83]^$	RT (8-M)	3x’s/wk for 12-wk	RT: 4x12 CRT of 11 exercises @ 50–60% 1RM	BM, I, Adip
Anderssen [84]	D (34-M)	ET: 3x’s/wk for 52-wks	D: Low Fat	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	ET (34-M)		ET: 60–80% of PHR for 60-min
	D(E) (43-M)		ET: 60–80% of PHR for 60-min
Ara [85]	RT (12-M)	RT: 3x’s/wk for 6-wks	RT: 1–3 x 3–12 @ Progressive 1RM (range 50-90%) for Squats, Leg Press, Leg Curl/Ext, Hip Flexion w/ 90 s rest @ total expenditure of 220–300 kcal/session	BM, FM, FFM, T, OB
Ballor [86]	ET (9-M)	3 x’s/wk for 12-wk	ET: 50% VO₂max x 20–60 min (progressive)	BM, FM, FFM
	ET (9-M)		RT: 3x8 @ 50-80% 1RM (progressive) Squat, Bench, Leg Ext/Curl, Arm Ext/Curl, Lateral Pulldown
	RT (9-M)
Ballor [87]	D (10-W)	RT: 3x’s/wk for 8-wks	D: hypocaloric @ -1000 kcal/day w/ Protein >1.0 g/kg	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	RT (10-W)
	D(R) (10-W)
	D(R) (10-W)		RT: 3x10-12 @ 10RM for: Chest Press, Leg Press, Lateral Pull-down, Arm Curl/Ext, Leg Curl/Ext, Calf Raise
Borg [88]	D (90-M)	D: 2-month ET&RT: 3x’s-wk for 24-wk	D: Hypocaloric @ =1200 kcal/d for first and last wk and −500 kcal/d between	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	ET (25-M)
	RT (28-M)		ET: 45 min @ 60-70% VO₂max
	RT (28-M)		RT: 3x8 @ 60-80% 1RM CRT
Bouchard [51]	D (11-W)	RT: 3x’s/wk for 12-wk	D: Hypocaloric @	BM, FM, FFM
	RT (11-W)		−500 kcal/d
	D(R) (12-W)		RT: 3x8 @ 80% 1RM for (leg press, chest press, leg extension, shoulder press, sit-up, seated row, triceps extension, arm curl, and calf extension) w/ 60–90 s rest
Brehm [89]	D, LF (20-W)	24-wks	D,LF: Hypocaloric @ ≈ 1250 kcal/d with ~54% CHO, ~18% protein, ~28% fat of kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, TC, TG, LDL, HDL
	D, LF (20-W)		D, LC: Hypocaloric @ ≈ 1160–1300 kcal/d with ~15-30% CHO, ~25% protein, ~46-57% fat of kcal/d
	D, LC (22-W)
Brochu [90]	D (71-W)	RT: 3x’s/wk for 24-wk	D: Hypocaloric @ -500 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, CRP, I, Cal
	D (71-W)		RT: 3–4 x 8–12 @ 65-80% 1RM (progressive) for (Leg Press, Chest Press, Lateral Pulldown, Shoulder Press, Arm Curl/Ext) w/ 60–90 s rest
	D(R) (36-W)
Bryner [91]	D(E) (2-M/8-W)	ET: 4x’s/wk RT: 3x’s/wk for 12-wk	D: Hypocaloric @ ≈ 800 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	D(E) (2-M/8-W)		ET: 20–60 min (progressive) @ self-paced
	D(R) (1-M/9-W)		RT: 2-4x15-12 @ 15RM-to-8-RM (progressive) for 10-exercise CRT w/ 60-s rest
Campbell [92]^*$	D (8-W)	RT: 3x’s/wk for 16-wk	D: Hypocaloric @ -500 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	D (8-W)		RT: 3x8-12 @ 80% 1RM (for Leg Ext/Curl, Leg Press, Chest Press, Arm Pull) w/ 60–120 s rest
	D(R) (8-W)
Christiansen [93]	D (29-M/W)	ET: 3x’s/wk for 12-wk	D: Hypocaloric @ ≈ 600 kcal/d	BM, I, OB, TC, HDL, Cal
	D(E) (25-M/W)		D: Hypocaloric @ ≈ 600 kcal/d
	D(E) (25-M/W)		ET: 60–75 min @ unknown intensity to equate to 500–600 kcal/session
	ET (25-M/W)
Cuff [94]	D(E) (10-W)	3x’s/wk for 16-wk	E + R: 75-min @ 60-75% HRR w/ RT@ 2x12 for Leg Press, Leg Curl, Hip Ext, Chest Press, Latissimus Pulldown @ unknown intensity or rest E: 75 min @ 60-75% HRR	BM
Cuff [94]	D(E + R) (9-W)	3x’s/wk for 16-wk		BM
Donnelly [95]^*	D (26-W)	ET & RT: 4x’s/wk for 12-weeks	D ET: 20–60 min (progressive) @ 70% HRR RT: 2–3 x 6–8 @ 70-80% 1RM (progressive) on CRT exercises unknown, rest unknown	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	D(E) (16-W)
	D(R) (18-W)
	D(E + R) (9-W)
Donnelly [96]^*	D (7-W)	RT: 3x’s/wk for 12-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ =700 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	D (7-W)		RT: 3 sets 8,6,6 @ 70% 1RM, progress to 4 sets 8.6.6.4 @ 80% 1RM for Bench Press, Latissimus Pull-down, Leg Ext/Curl, Shoulder Press, Arm Pullover, Arm Curl/Ext
	D(R) (7-W)
Donnelly [97]^$	ET (16-M/25-W)	5x’s/wk for 68-wks	ET: 20–45 min @ 60%-75% HRR for 1^st 24-wks then 55%-70% of HRM (progressive) for ≈ 2000 kcal/wk (400 kcal/session)
Dunstan [98]^*$	D (17-M/W)	RT: 3x’s/wk for 24-wks	D: Hypocaloric	BM, FM, FFM, I, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, Cal
	D (17-M/W)		RT: 3x8-10 @ 50-85% 1RM (progressive) for Bench Press, Leg Ext/Curl, Upright Row, Lateral Pull-down, Shoulder Press, Arm Curl/Ext, Abdominal exercises
	D(R) (19-M/W)
Fisher [99]^*$	D (29-W)	ET & RT: 3x’s/wk for 8-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ ≈ 800 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, Cal
	D (29-W)		ET: 20–40 min @ 65-80% MHR (progressive)
	D(E) (43-W)		ET: 20–40 min @ 65-80% MHR (progressive)
	D(E) (43-W)		RT: 1-2x10 @ 60-80% 1RM (progressive) for Leg Press, Squats, Leg Ext/Curl, Arm Curl, Lateral Pull-down, Bench Press, Military Press, Trunk Exercises
	D(R) (54-W)
Foster [100]^*	D, HP (12-M/21-W)	52-wks	D, HP: Hypocaloric following Dr. Atkins New Diet Revolution	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
Foster [100]^*	D (8-M/22-W)	52-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ M ≈ 1500–1800 kcal/d; W ≈ 1200–1500 kcal/d for 60%CHO, 15% protein, 25% fat	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
Geliebter [101]	D (8-M/14-W)	ET & RT: 3x’s/wk for 8-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ <70% RMR	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	D(E) (9-M/14-W)		ET: 8-min bicycle erg, 8-min arm erg, 8-min cycle erg @ 55-70% VO₂peak (progressive)
	D(R) (8-M/14-W)
	D(R) (8-M/14-W)		RT: 2x6, 1xfatigue for Leg Ext/Curl, Chest Press, Arm Pull-over, Arm Curl/Ext, Leg Press w/30 s rest
Goddpaster [102]	D (63-M/W)	ET: 5 d/wk for 24-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ ≈ 1200–2100 kcal/d with 50-55% CHO, 20-25% protein, 20-30% fat	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	D(E) (67-M/W)
	D(E) (67-M/W)		ET: total 60-min/d unknown intensity
Hallsworth [103]	RT (11-M/W)	3x’s/wk for 8-wks	RT: 2–3 sets x unknown rep @ 50-70% 1RM (progressive) for: Arm Curl/Ext, Chest Press, Leg Curl/Ext, Lateral Pulldown, Shoulder Press	BM, I, TC, TG
Hammer [104]^*$	D, LF (14-W)	ET: 5x’s/wk for 6-wks	D: hypocaloric VL @ =800 kcal/d, LF @ = 1195 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	D, VL (12-W)		D: hypocaloric VL @ =800 kcal/d, LF @ = 1195 kcal/d
	ET (12-W)		ET: distance of 1.6-4.8 km/session (progressive) @ 60-85% HRM (progressive)
	D(E), LF (8-W)
	D(E), VL (6-W)
Hill [105]	D (3-W)	ET: daily for 5-wks	D: hypocaloric @ 800 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM
	D (3-W)		D(E): distance of 1.6-5.6 km/session (progressive) @ unknown intensity
	D(E) (5-W)
Hill [106]	D (6-W)	ET: 5x’s/wk for 12-wks	D: hypocaloric vary from 600–1500 kcal/d, LF @ 1200 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM
	D, LF (8-W)
	D(E) (10-W)
	D(E), LF (8-W)		ET: 20–50 min (progressive) @ 60-70% HRM
Ho [107]	D(E) (15-M/W)	ET & RT: 5x’s/wk for 12-wks	D: hypocaloric	BM, FM, FFM, I, OB, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, Cal
	D(E) (15-M/W)		ET: 30-min @ 60% HRR
	D(R) (16-M/W)		RT: 4x12 @ 10RM for Leg Press, Leg Curl/Ext, Bench Press, Seated Row w/ 60 s rest
	D(E + R) (15-M/W)
	D(E + R) (15-M/W)		E + R: ET for 15-min @ 60% HRR & RT for 2x12 @75%1RM
Ibanez [108]	D (12-W)	RT: 2-3x’s/wk for 16-wk	D: Hypocaloric @ -500 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, I, Adip, OB, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, Cal
	D (12-W)		RT: 3-4x10-15 @ 50-80%
	D(R) (13-W)		1RM (progressive) CRT for 8-wks & 3-5x10-12@60-80% or 3-5x 4-6@80-90% alternate for 8-wks
Irving [109]^$	E(Low-Intense) (3-M/10-W)	3-5 x’s/wk for 16-wks	Low-Intensity: unknown time @ RPE of 10–12 equate to 300–400 kcal/session	BM, FM, FFM, GH, IGF, HDL, TG, Cal
Irving [109]^$	E(High-Intense) (3-M/8-W)	3-5 x’s/wk for 16-wks	High Intensity: unknown time @ RPE of 15–17 to equate to 300–400 kcal/session	BM, FM, FFM, GH, IGF, HDL, TG, Cal
Josse [110]^$	D(E + R), HP (30-W)	ET: 7x’s/wk RT: 2x’s/wk for 16-wks	ET: 7x’s/wk @ total expenditure of 250 kcal unknown duration or intensity	BM, FM, FFM, Cal, IL-6
	D(E + R), LP (30-W)
	D(E + R), MP (30-W)
	D(E + R), MP (30-W)		RT: 3x10 unknown intensity & rest interval
Kempen [111]	D (10-W)	ET: 3x’s/wk for 8-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ =500-750 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
Kempen [111]	D(E) (10-W)	ET: 3x’s/wk for 8-wks	ET: 90-min group exercise sessions @ 50-60% VO₂max	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
Kerksick [112]^$	E + R (17-W)	ET&RT: 3x’s/wk for 14-wks	E + R: @ HR of 60-80% MHR using CRT of 14 exercises either paired:	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	D(E + R), HC + P
	(11-W)
	D(E + R),VL/HP		Arm Ext/Curl, Leg Ext/Curl, Shoulder Press/Lateral Pulldown, Hip Abd/Add, Chest Press/Seated Row, Abdominal Crunch/Back Extension, Shoulder Shrug/Dip; or unpaired: Leg Press, Squat, Pec-Deck, Oblique, Hip Ext, side bends, stepping) x 30 s @ unknown %1RM w/ callisthenic 30 s between sets/paired exercise
	(48-W) D(E + R),LC (37-W)
	D(E + R),HC (41-W)
Klimcakova [113]^$	D(R) (12-M)	RT: 3x’s/wk for 12-wks	D: Hypocaloric	BM, FM, FFM, I, Adip, OB, TNF-α, TC, HDL, TG
Klimcakova [113]^$	D(R) (12-M)	RT: 3x’s/wk for 12-wks	RT: 1x12-15 @ 60-70% for 17-exercise CRT	BM, FM, FFM, I, Adip, OB, TNF-α, TC, HDL, TG
Kraemer [114]	D (8-M)	RT & ET: 3x’s/wk for 12-wks	D: Hypocaloric	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
			ET: 30–50 min (progressive) @ 70-80% PHR
			ET&RT: ET then, 1-3x5-10 @5-7RM or 8-10RM (alternate) for Squat, Military Press, Bench Press, Lateral Pull-down, Seated Row, Trunk exercises, Leg Press, Leg Curls, Calf Raises, Arm Curls with 60–180 sec rest (load dependent)
	D(E) (11-M)
	D(E + R) (10-M)
Larsen [115]^*	D, HGI/HP	Hypocaloric for 26-wks	All diets w/ < 25-30% total kcal from fat	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	(97-M/W)		All diets w/ < 25-30% total kcal from fat
	D, LGI/HP		LP: PRO:CHO ratio of 1:5 (10–15% total kcal protein and 57–62% total kcal CHO)
	(124-M/W)
	D, HGI/LP
	D, HGI/LP		HP: PRO:CHO ratio: of 1:2 (23–28% total kcal protein and 45–50% total kcal CHO)
	(106-M/W)
	D, LGI/HP
	D, LGI/HP		HGI: no change in GI diets w/ ~ 12% total kcal from protein
	(124-M/W)		HGI: no change in GI diets w/ ~ 12% total kcal from protein
	(124-M/W)		LGI: reduction of 15 GI points compared with the high-GI diets w/ ~ 12% total kcal from protein
Layman [116]^*	D, HP (12-W)	10-wks	D, HP: ≈1700 kcal/d @1.6 g/kg protein in ratio of CHO:protein ~1.4 and <30% fat of kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, I, TH, TC, HDL, DLD, TG
Layman [116]^*	D, HC (12-W)	10-wks	D, HC: ≈1700 kcal/d @0.8 g/kg protein and ratio of CHO:protein >3.5 and <30% fat of kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, I, TH, TC, HDL, DLD, TG
Layman [117]^$*	D, HP (12-W)	ET: 5x’s/wk RT: 2x’s/wk for 16-wks	D, HP: ≈1700 kcal @ 1.6 g/kg for protein with CHO:protein ratio <1.5 and fat <30% of kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, Adip, OB, Ghrelin, I, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, Cal
	D(E + R), HP (12-W)		D, HC: ≈1700 kcal/d @ 0.8 g/kg for protein with CHO:protein ratio >3.5 and fat <30% of kcal/d
	D, HC (12-W)
	D(E + R), HC (12-W)
			ET: 30-min @ unknown intensity
			RT: 1x12 @ unknown resistance intensity for 7 exercise in CRT
Maiorana [118]^$	E + R (14-M/2-W)	3x’s/wk for 8-wks	E + R: CRT for RT @ 45 s of RT @ 55–65% MVC (progressive) w/ 15 s rest between RT followed by 5-min ET @ 70–85% PHR (progressive) intermittent to RT-exercises	BM, HDL, LDL, TC, TG
Marks [119]	D (10-W)	ET & RT: 3x’s/wk for 20-wks	D: Hypocaloric general low fat @ -628 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	D (10-W)		ET: 12–36 min (progressive) @ 70-85% HRM
	D(E) (8-W)		ET: 12–36 min (progressive) @ 70-85% HRM
	D(R) (11-W)		RT: 2x8-12 @ 70-90% 1RM for: Leg Ext/Curl, Seated Row, Chest Press, Arm Ext/Curl, and abdominal curls, with unknown rest
	D(E + R) (9-W)
	D(E + R) (9-W)		ET&RT: 12–24 min of ET and 1 set of RT
Moreira [120]^$	E(S) (8-M/W)	3x’s/wk for 12-wks	E(S):20–60 min (progressive) @ 10% of Anaerobic Threshold	BM, FM, FFM, TC, TG
	E(S) (8-M/W)		E(I): 20–60 min (progressive) total time @ 2:1 ratio of 120% Anaerobic Threshold to Rest time
	E(I) (8-M/W)
Nicklas [121]	D (53-M/W)	ET & RT: 3x’s/wk for 72-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ -500 kcal/d	BM, CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, Cal
	D (53-M/W)		ET: 30–45 min @ 50-75% HRR
	ET (53-M/W)		ET: 30–45 min @ 50-75% HRR
	ET (53-M/W)		E + R: 15-min ET @ 50-75% HRR, followed by 15-min RT @ 2x12 CRT, followed by 15-min ET @ 50-75% HRR
	D(E + R) (53-M/W)
Oberbach [122]^$	ET (40-M/W)	4x’s/wk for 4-wks	ET: 3-days: 60-min unknown intensity (20-min calisthenics/20-min steady state/20-min “power-training” & 1-day: 60-min swimming	BM, FM, FFM, Adip, OB, IL-6, IL-10, CRP, TC, HDL, LDL, TG
Olson [123]	RT (16-W)	2x’s/wk for 52-wk	RT: 3x8–10 @ 8-10RM (Progressive) for unknown exercises indicated as isotonic variable resistance machines and free weights targeting the following major muscle groups: quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteals, pectorals, latissimus dorsi, rhomboids, deltoids, biceps and triceps	BM, FM, FFM, I, Adip, Il-6, CRP, TC, HDL, LDL, TG
Pavlou [124]^*$	D (41-M)	ET: 3x’s/wk for 8-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ = 800 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM
Pavlou [124]^*$	D(E) (31-M)	ET: 3x’s/wk for 8-wks	ET: 70-85% MHR for 20–45 min (progressive)	BM, FM, FFM
Phinney [125]	D, HP (6-W)	ET: 6-hrs/wk for 4-wks	D: hypocaloric @ =720 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
Phinney [125]	D(E) (6-W)	ET: 6-hrs/wk for 4-wks	ET: 6-hrs/wk total time @ 50% VO₂max	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
Polak [126]	ET (25-W)	5x’s/wk for 12-wks	ET: 45-min @ 50-65% VO₂max (progressive) for 2x’s/wk group exercise class, 3x’s/wk cycle ergometer	BM, FM, FFM I, Adip, OB, IL-6, TC, HDL, TG
Pritchard [127]	D, LF: (18-M)	ET: 5x’s/wk for 52-wks	D: hypocaloric @ -500 kcal/d & 20-25% fat of kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
Pritchard [127]	ET (21-M)	ET: 5x’s/wk for 52-wks	ET: 30–45 min @ 65-75% HRM	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
Racette [128]	D (17-W)	ET: 3x’s/wk for 12-wks	D: hypocaloric @ =75% BMR	BM, FM, FFM, Cal
	D(E) (13-W)		D: hypocaloric @ =75% BMR
	D(E) (13-W)		D(E): 35-min @ 65% VO₂max
Rice [129]	D (9-M/W)	ET: 5x’s/wk RT: 3x’s/wk for 16-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ -1000 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM
	D (9-M/W)		ET: 20–60 min @ 50-85% MHR (progressive)
	D(E) (10-M/W)		ET: 20–60 min @ 50-85% MHR (progressive)
	D(E) (10-M/W)		RT: 1x8-12 @ 8-12RM (progressive) for Leg Ext/Curl, Latissimus pull-over, Bench Press, Should Press, Arm Ext/Curl
	D(R) (10-M/W)
Rolland [130]^*	D, HP (1-M/16-W)	36-wks	D,HP: hypocaloric @ 800–1500 kcal/d, @ 20%CHO,40% protein, 40% fat of kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, I, Adip, OB, HDL, TC
Rolland [130]^*	D, LF (5-M/9-W)	36-wks	D, LF: hypocaloric @ -500 kcal/d @ 35%, CHO, 36% protein, 28% fat of kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, I, Adip, OB, HDL, TC
Ross [131]	D (15-W)	ET: daily x 14-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ -500 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, I, Cal
	D (15-W)		ET: self-selected duration @ ~80% MHR (equate to 500 kcal/session)
	D(E) (17-W)
	ET (12-W)
Ryan [132]^*$	D (23-W)	ET & RT: 3x’s/wk for 24-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ -250-350 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM
	D (23-W)		ET: 45-min @ 50-75% HRR (progressive)
	D(E) (24-W)		ET: 45-min @ 50-75% HRR (progressive)
	D(R) (16-W)		RT: variable resistance for 15-rep (3RM to 15 RM) 2–3 sets for Leg Press, Chest Press, Chest Flies, Latissimus Pull-down, Leg Curl/Ext, Arm Curl/Ext w/ 30 s rest
Schjerve [133]^$	E(S) (13-M/W)	3x’s/wk for 12-wks	IT: 10-min @ 50-60% MHR followed by 4 cycles of 4-min:3-min ratio of 85-95% MHR then 50-60% MHR followed by 5-min @ 50-60% MHR	BM, FM, FFM, TC, HDL, TG
	E(I) (14-M/W)
	RT (13-M/W)		ET: 47-min @60-70% MHR
	RT (13-M/W)		RT: 4x5 @ 90% 1RM (progressive) for Leg Press or Squats, trunk exercises @ 3x30 w/ 30 s rest
Shue [134]	D (21-W)	12-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ -500-1000 kcal/d	I, Adip, OB, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TC, HDL, LDL, TG
Sigal [135]	D(E) (60-M/W)	ET & RT: 3x’s/wk for 24-wks	ET: 15–45 min @ 60-75% MHR (progressive)	BM, FM, FFM, HDL, LDL, TG
	D(R) (64-M/W)		RT:2-3x7-9 @ unknown intensity in CRT w/ unknown exercises
	D(E + R) (64-M/W)		RT:2-3x7-9 @ unknown intensity in CRT w/ unknown exercises
	D(E + R) (64-M/W)		E + R: combined both
Slentz [136]	ET (22-M/26-W)	3x’s/wk for 32-wks	ET: equivalent to 12 mi/wk @ 75% VO₂peak	BM, FM (as indicated by abdominal)
	RT (22-M/30-W)		RT:3x8-12 @ unknown RM in CRT fashion
	E + R (19-M/25-W)		RT:3x8-12 @ unknown RM in CRT fashion
	E + R (19-M/25-W)		E + R: full sessions of both ET & RT
Strasser [7]^*$	D (10-W)	ET: 3 x’s/wk for 8-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ -500 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, Cal
Strasser [7]^*$	D(E) (10-W)	ET: 3 x’s/wk for 8-wks	ET: 60-min @ 60% VO₂max	BM, FM, FFM, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, Cal
Tjønna [137]	E(I) (4-M/7-W)	3x’s/wk for 16-wks	IT: 10-min @ 70% MHR followed by 4-cyles of 4-min:3-min @ 90% MHR and 70% MHR, then 5-min @ 50-60% MHR	BM, FM, FFM, I, Adip, HDL, TG
	E(S) (4-M/4-W)
	E(S) (4-M/4-W)		ET:47-min @ 70% MHR
Tokmakidis [138]^$	D(E + R) (9-W)	4x’s/wk (2x’s ET, 2 x’s RT) for 16-wks	ET: 2x’s/wk: 45-min @60-80% MHR (progressive)	BM, FM, FFM,I
Tokmakidis [138]^$	D(E + R) (9-W)	4x’s/wk (2x’s ET, 2 x’s RT) for 16-wks	RT: 2x’s/wk: 3x12 @ 60% 1RM (progressive) for Bench Press, Row, Leg Ext/Curl, Latissimus, Pec Deck w/ 45–60 s rest Pull-down,	BM, FM, FFM,I
Trapp [139]	E(I) (15-W)	3x’s/wk for 15-wks	IT: cycle ergometer @ 8-sec sprint:12-sec recover intervals progress from 5-min to 20-min total time	BM, FM, FFM,I, Adip, OB
	E(S) (15-W)
	E(S) (15-W)		ET: 10–40 min @60% VO₂peak (progressive)
Volpe [140]^*$	D (13-M/15-W)	ET: 3–5 x’s/wk for 36-wks	D: hypocaloric @ ≈ −500 kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, OB, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, Cal
	ET (17-M/17-W)		D: hypocaloric @ ≈ −500 kcal/d
	D(E) (14-M/14-W)		ET: 15–30 min for 3–5 x’s/wk (progressive) @ unknown intensity via ski-ergometer
Wang [141]^*	D, HGI/HP(24-W)	8-wks hypocaloric and 24-wks 1 of 4 maintaining diets	D: 8-wks of low fat/ Hypocaloric @ =800 kcal/d & 24-wks of:	BM, I, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, Cal
	D, HGI/HP(24-W)		LF: < 25-30% total kcal from fat with compensatory increase in protein and CHO
	D, LGI/HP (24-W)
	D, HGI/LP (24-W)		LP: PRO:CHO ratio of 1:5 (10–15% total kcal protein and 57–62% total kcal CHO)
	D, HGI/LP (24-W)		HP: PRO:CHO ratio: of 1:2 (23–28% total kcal protein and 45–50% total kcal CHO)
	D, LGI/HP (24-W)
			HGI: no change in GI diets w/ ~ 12% total kcal from protein
			LGI: reduction of 15 GI points compared with the high-GI diets w/ ~ 12% total kcal from protein
Watkins [142]	ET (14-M/W)	ET: 3–4 x’s/wk for 26-wks	D: hypocaloric @ ≈ 1200–1500 kcal/d w/ fat @ 15-20% total kcal/d	BM, FM, FFM, I, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, Cal
Watkins [142]	D(E) (14-M/W)	ET: 3–4 x’s/wk for 26-wks	ET: 30–35 min @ 70-80% HRR	BM, FM, FFM, I, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, Cal
Wycherely [143]	D (16-M/W)	RT: 3x’s/wk for 16-wks	D: Hypocaloric @ ≈ 1200–1250 kcal/day w/ 0.7 g/kg protein	BM, FM, FFM, I, CRP, TC, HDL, LDL, TG
	D,HP (12-M/W)
	D(R) (17-M/W)
			D,HP: Hypocaloric @ ≈ 1200-
			1250 kcal/day @1.2 g/kg protein
	D(R), HP (14-M/W)		RT: 2x8-12@70-85% 1RM for Leg Press, Leg Ext, Chest Press, Latissimus Pull-down, Seated Row, Arm Ext w 60 s rest

Note *denotes only treatment ES determined for diet-only intervention, ^$denotes only treatment ES determined within exercise interventions. Legend: D = diet, RT = resistance training, ET = Endurance Training, E + R = combination of exercise, HP = high protein diet/low carb, HC + P = high carbohydrate & protein, HC = high carbohydrate/low fat, GI = glycemic indexed diet, HGI = high glycemic diet, LGI = low glycemic diet, LC = low carb/no protein change, LF = low fat (American Heart Assoc.), VL = very low caloric diet, LP = low protein, MP = moderate protein, D(R) = diet and resistance training, D(E) = diet and endurance training, D(E + R) = diet and combination of exercise, E(S) = steady state endurance, E(I) = interval endurance training, MHR = maximal heart rate; PHR = peak heart rate, HRR = heart rate reserve, CRT = circuit resistance training, IT = interval training, MVC = maximal volitional contraction, RPE = rating perceived exertion, TC = total cholesterol, HDL = high-density lipoproteins, LDL = low-density lipoproteins, TG = triglycerides, T = testosterone, GH = growth hormone, I = insulin, TH = thyroid hormones, IGF = insulin-like growth factor, Adip = adiponectin, OB = leptin, CRP = c-reactive protein, Cal = Caloric Expenditure or reduction from diet, M = men, W = women.