Table 2.
Summary of response based on the pooled therapeutic effect size (ES), from the 32 studies that indicated control group, ES (CI for ES), based on method of therapeutic intervention and measure of interest
| Pooled ES (CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Masses: | D | D(E) | ET | D(R) | RT | D(E + R) |
| Body mass | 1.24 (0.25, 2.23) |
1.19$
(0.14, 2.25) |
0.2¢
(−0.38, 0.78) |
1.06#
(0.07, 3.12) |
0.25 (0.007, 0.42) |
0.57 (0.29, 0.84) |
| Fat mass | 0.88 (0.22, 1.53) |
1.07$
(0.41, 1.73) |
−0.16¢
(−0.80, 0.49) |
0.63#¢
(0.13, 1.57) |
0.36 (−0.30, 0.59) |
0.14 (−0.86, 1.13) |
| Fat-free mass | 0.48 (0.001, 0.95) |
0.02$
(−1.05, 1.08) |
0.80 (0.61, 0.99) |
1.08*#¢
(0.61, 1.56) |
2.23* (−1.5, 5.95) |
0.20 (−0.18, 0.57) |
| Hormones, Adipokines, Cytokines: | ||||||
| Insulin | 0.30 (−0.03, 0.63) |
0.55 (−0.24, 1.34) |
0.11 (−0.49, 0.72) |
0.47#
(0.01, 0.95) |
0.79 (−0.81, 2.39) |
0.30 (−0.03, 0.63) |
| Adiponectin | 0.13 (−0.18. 0.43) |
−0.84$
(−3.01, 1.33) |
1.27 (−0.02, 2.54) |
1.35#
(−0.66, 3.36) |
1.05 (−0.05, 2.14) |
|
| Leptin | −0.38 (−1.88, 1.11) |
1.57 (1.25, 1.90) |
1.07#
(0.46,1.67) |
−0.38 (−1.88, 1.11) |
||
| Blood Lipids: | ||||||
| Total cholesterol | 0.39 (−0.13, 0.90) |
0.16$
(−0.35, 0.67) |
−0.16 (−0.67. 0.34) |
0.32 (−1.13, 1.76) |
0.001 (−0.22, 0.22) |
0.93 |
| HDL | 0.11 (−0.14, 0.37) |
0.38$
(−0.13, 0.90) |
0.96 (0.31, 1.60) |
−0.31*#
(−1.11, 0.48) |
−0.19* (−1.00, 0.62) |
|
| LDL | −0.01 (−0.20, 0.18) |
−0.09$
(−0.69, 0.50) |
−0.30 (−0.33, −0.28) |
0.04#¢
(−0.89, 0.96) |
−0.45 (−1.46, 0.56) |
|
| Triglycerides | −0.05 (−0.20, 0.11) |
0.14$
(−0.07, 0.24) |
−0.28 (−0.81, 0.24) |
0.24 (0.03, 0.45) |
−0.27 (−0.48, −0.06) |
0.61 (0.08, 1.14) |
| Caloric difference | 0.48 (−0.15, 1.11) |
0.49$
(−0.15, 1.13) |
1.16*$
(0.15, 2.18) |
0.19 (−0.50, 0.79) |
0.48 (−0.15, 1.11) |
|
Note that a negative ES favors the control intervention while a positive ES favors the therapeutic intervention and that for measures of changes to fat-free mass, the indication for retention of mass is considered to be positive. Cells left empty did not have enough responses to indicate either a pooled therapeutic ES relative to control or a CI for ES. Note that D indicates intervention of diet only, ET indicates endurance training, RT indicates resistance training, D(E) indicates intervention of diet with ET, D(R) indicates intervention of diet with resistance training, D(E + R) indicates intervention of diet with combination of training methods.
*Indicates significantly greater response than diet-only intervention, $Indicates difference between modes of endurance exercise intervention, #indicates difference between intensity used for resistance exercise intervention, ¢indicates difference in gender response (male > female), ¢*indicates difference in gender response (female > male), for χ2-value > χ2CV, p < 0.05.