Table 5.
Baseline population characteristics of the development cohort by incident dementia status.
|
No
dementia N=24788 |
Dementia N=5173 |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Sociodemographic
|
|||
| Age, y | 69·7 (±6·5) | 74·2 ± (6·6) | <0·0001 |
| Male | 13611 (55%) | 2566 (50%) | <0·0001 |
| Race/ethnicity (n= 29665) | <0·0001 | ||
| White | 15562 (63%) | 3342 (65%) | |
| African American | 2730 (11%) | 670(13%) | |
| Hispanic | 2785 (11%) | 508 (10%) | |
| Asian | 2807 (11%) | 441 (9%) | |
| Native American | 550 (2%) | 131 (3%) | |
| Other | 121 (0·5%) | 18 (0·4%) | |
| Education (n= 27516) | <0·0001 | ||
| High school or less | 11417 (50%) | 2665 (56%) | |
| College or more | 11363 (50%) | 2071 (44%) | |
| Hospitalization in 1996-1997 | 5644 (23%) | 1418 (27%) | <0·0001 |
| KPNC membership duration, y | 14·2 (±5) | 15·0 ± (4·7) | <0·0001 |
|
Diabetes specific
|
|||
| T2DM duration, y | 8·0 (IQR 9·8) | 8·9 (IQR 11·3) | <0·0001 |
| HbA1c, in % | 7·8 (±1·8) | 7·7 (±1·8) | 0·004 |
| Diabetes treatment type | 0·002 | ||
| Nonpharmacological-controlled | 4995 (20%) | 939 (18%) | |
| Insulin only | 4823 (19%) | 1082 (21%) | |
| Oral only | 13400 (54%) | 2847 (55%) | |
| Insulin and oral agents | 1570 (6%) | 305 (6%) | |
| Diabetic foot a | 1061 (4%) | 251 (5%) | 0·07 |
| Acute metabolic event b | 783 (3%) | 250 (5%) | <0·0001 |
|
Comorbid diseases
|
|||
| Depression b | 5139 (21%) | 1422 (27%) | <0·0001 |
| Microvascular disease b | 1749 (7%) | 412 (8%) | 0·02 |
| Cardiovascular disease a | 6178 (25%) | 1386 (27%) | 0·005 |
| Cerebrovascular disease a | 1615 (7%) | 534 (10%) | <0·0001 |
| Head trauma a | 89 (0·4%) | 37 (0·7%) | 0·003 |
Presented are demographics, key diabetes relates variables and all predictors included in the final model, the other variables are included in Table 1.
Data are presented as number (%) or mean (±SD).
p values were calculated using chi-square or student t-test.
Definitions: Diabetic foot = gangrene, lower limb ulcer, and/or lower extremity amputation; Acute metabolic events = severe hyper- and/or hypoglycemic events; Microvascular disease = diabetic retinal disease and/or end-stage-renal disease; Cardiovascular disease = peripheral arterial disease, myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and/or congestive heart failure; Cerebrovascular disease = cerebrovascular attacks, precerebral arterial disease, and/or carotid endarterectomy.
based on medical history 1979-1997 (a) or 1996-1997 (b).
based on medical history 1979-1997 (a) or 1996-1997 (b).