Table 1.

Study Characteristics and Assessed Outcomes

Outcomes assessed
Reference	Country	Sample size— total	Sample size— women	% Caucasian	Number of menstrual phases assessed	Biochemical confirmation of phase?	Study design a	ad lib smoking	Smoking topography	Subjective effects of smoking	Smoking cessation	Smoking relapse	Withdrawal	Cravings— tonic	Cravings— cue induced
Allen et al. 31	United States	147	147	56	2	Yes	W			X			X	X
DeVito et al. 38	United States	160	45	31	2	Yes	B			X			X	X
Allen, Allen, et al. 39	United States	47	47	53	2	Yes	W	X
Sakai et al. 40	Japan	29	29	–	3	Yes	W	X						X
Schiller, et al. 41	United States	98	98	79	See notee	Yes	–	X	X
Mazure et al. 42	United States	33	33	91	2	–	B				X
Sofuoglu et al. 43	United States	64	30	30	See noted	–	W	X		X				X
Epperson et al. 35	United States	385	185	87	2	–	B				X
Allen et al. 44	United States	202	202	82	2	Yes	B						X	X
Gray et al. 45	United States	387	37	78	4	Yes	W								X
Allen, Allen, Lunos, et al. 46	United States	138	138	–	2	Yes	B				X
Allen, Mooney, et al. 47	United States	31	31	71	4	Yes	B	X
Allen, Allen, Widenmier, et al. 48	United States	38	38	–	2	Yes	B				X			X
Allen, Allen, and Pomerleau 49	United States	25	25	76	2	Yes	B	X			X		X	X
Sofuoglu et al. 50	United States	12	6	25	See noted	–	W						X	X
Allen et al. 51	United States	202	202	82	2	Yes	B				X	X	X	X
Carpenter et al. 52	United States	44	44	82	2	Yes	B				X		X	X
Franklin et al. 53	United States	102	37	65	2	–	B				X
Franklin et al. 54	United States	109	41	72	2	–	B			X					X
Sofuoglu et al. 55	United States	12	12	–	See noted	–	W						X
Allen et al. 32	United States	30	30	80	2	Yes	W						X	X
Pomerleau et al. 56	United States	14	14	93	5	Yes	W	X					X	X
Snively et al. 57	United States	14	14	79	2	Yes	W	X					X	X
Perkins et al. 37	United States	78	78	–	2	–	B						X	X
Marks et al. 58	United States	12	12	–	4	Yes	W						X	X
Allen et al. 59	United States	21	21	86	2	Yes	W	X					X	X
Masson and Gilbert 36	United States	24	24	–	2	Yes	W						X
Allen et al. 60	United States	32	32	91	3	Yes	W	X					X	X
DeBon et al. 61	United States	30	30b	77	5	Yes	W	X					X
Marks et al. 62	United States	9	9e	100	5	–	W	X
Pomerleau et al. 63	United States	22	22	96	5	–	W	X
Pomerleau et al. 64	United States	9	9	–	3	Yes	W	X					X	X
Craig et al. 65	United Kingdom	30	20	–	2	–	B	X					X	X
O’Hara et al. 66	United States	36	22	–	2	–	B						X
Steinberg and Cherek 67	United States	9	9	–	3	–	W	X	X
Mello 68	United States	24	24	–	2	–	W	X

– = not applicable, not reported, or unable to calculate from available data; B = between-subjects; TNP = transdermal nicotine patch; W = within-subjects; X = the outcome was assessed in the study.

^aBetween-subject or within-subject design for the comparison of menstrual cycle phase or ovarian hormones.

^b15 female participants were smokers, and 15 female participants were non-smokers.

^cOutcomes were examined by measurement of ovarian hormone levels.

^dStudy of progesterone vs. placebo; all women participated during the early follicular phase.

^eAll female participants met criteria for late luteal phase dysphoric disorder.