Table 1.
Outcomes assessed | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | Country | Sample size— total | Sample size— women | % Caucasian | Number of menstrual phases assessed | Biochemical confirmation of phase? | Study design a | ad lib smoking | Smoking topography | Subjective effects of smoking | Smoking cessation | Smoking relapse | Withdrawal | Cravings— tonic | Cravings— cue induced |
Allen et al. 31 | United States | 147 | 147 | 56 | 2 | Yes | W | X | X | X | |||||
DeVito et al. 38 | United States | 160 | 45 | 31 | 2 | Yes | B | X | X | X | |||||
Allen, Allen, et al. 39 | United States | 47 | 47 | 53 | 2 | Yes | W | X | |||||||
Sakai et al. 40 | Japan | 29 | 29 | – | 3 | Yes | W | X | X | ||||||
Schiller, et al. 41 | United States | 98 | 98 | 79 | See notee | Yes | – | X | X | ||||||
Mazure et al. 42 | United States | 33 | 33 | 91 | 2 | – | B | X | |||||||
Sofuoglu et al. 43 | United States | 64 | 30 | 30 | See noted | – | W | X | X | X | |||||
Epperson et al. 35 | United States | 385 | 185 | 87 | 2 | – | B | X | |||||||
Allen et al. 44 | United States | 202 | 202 | 82 | 2 | Yes | B | X | X | ||||||
Gray et al. 45 | United States | 387 | 37 | 78 | 4 | Yes | W | X | |||||||
Allen, Allen, Lunos, et al. 46 | United States | 138 | 138 | – | 2 | Yes | B | X | |||||||
Allen, Mooney, et al. 47 | United States | 31 | 31 | 71 | 4 | Yes | B | X | |||||||
Allen, Allen, Widenmier, et al. 48 | United States | 38 | 38 | – | 2 | Yes | B | X | X | ||||||
Allen, Allen, and Pomerleau 49 | United States | 25 | 25 | 76 | 2 | Yes | B | X | X | X | X | ||||
Sofuoglu et al. 50 | United States | 12 | 6 | 25 | See noted | – | W | X | X | ||||||
Allen et al. 51 | United States | 202 | 202 | 82 | 2 | Yes | B | X | X | X | X | ||||
Carpenter et al. 52 | United States | 44 | 44 | 82 | 2 | Yes | B | X | X | X | |||||
Franklin et al. 53 | United States | 102 | 37 | 65 | 2 | – | B | X | |||||||
Franklin et al. 54 | United States | 109 | 41 | 72 | 2 | – | B | X | X | ||||||
Sofuoglu et al. 55 | United States | 12 | 12 | – | See noted | – | W | X | |||||||
Allen et al. 32 | United States | 30 | 30 | 80 | 2 | Yes | W | X | X | ||||||
Pomerleau et al. 56 | United States | 14 | 14 | 93 | 5 | Yes | W | X | X | X | |||||
Snively et al. 57 | United States | 14 | 14 | 79 | 2 | Yes | W | X | X | X | |||||
Perkins et al. 37 | United States | 78 | 78 | – | 2 | – | B | X | X | ||||||
Marks et al. 58 | United States | 12 | 12 | – | 4 | Yes | W | X | X | ||||||
Allen et al. 59 | United States | 21 | 21 | 86 | 2 | Yes | W | X | X | X | |||||
Masson and Gilbert 36 | United States | 24 | 24 | – | 2 | Yes | W | X | |||||||
Allen et al. 60 | United States | 32 | 32 | 91 | 3 | Yes | W | X | X | X | |||||
DeBon et al. 61 | United States | 30 | 30b | 77 | 5 | Yes | W | X | X | ||||||
Marks et al. 62 | United States | 9 | 9e | 100 | 5 | – | W | X | |||||||
Pomerleau et al. 63 | United States | 22 | 22 | 96 | 5 | – | W | X | |||||||
Pomerleau et al. 64 | United States | 9 | 9 | – | 3 | Yes | W | X | X | X | |||||
Craig et al. 65 | United Kingdom | 30 | 20 | – | 2 | – | B | X | X | X | |||||
O’Hara et al. 66 | United States | 36 | 22 | – | 2 | – | B | X | |||||||
Steinberg and Cherek 67 | United States | 9 | 9 | – | 3 | – | W | X | X | ||||||
Mello 68 | United States | 24 | 24 | – | 2 | – | W | X |
– = not applicable, not reported, or unable to calculate from available data; B = between-subjects; TNP = transdermal nicotine patch; W = within-subjects; X = the outcome was assessed in the study.
aBetween-subject or within-subject design for the comparison of menstrual cycle phase or ovarian hormones.
b15 female participants were smokers, and 15 female participants were non-smokers.
cOutcomes were examined by measurement of ovarian hormone levels.
dStudy of progesterone vs. placebo; all women participated during the early follicular phase.
eAll female participants met criteria for late luteal phase dysphoric disorder.