Table 2.
Studies of Ad Lib Smoking/Smoking Topography and Menstrual Cycle Phase/Ovarian Hormones
| Reference | Outcome measure | Type of measurement | Number of menstrual cycle phases | Menstrual cycle phases assessed | Primary findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allen et al. 69 | Nicotine levels | Response to nicotine nasal spray in the laboratory | 2 | Follicular, luteal | Trend level effect of greater maximum nicotine (p = .055) in follicular phase compared to luteal phase. |
| Sakai et al. 40 | CPD | Daily smoking log for two cycles | 3 | Follicular, luteal, menstrual | Greater smoking during luteal phase compared to follicular phase |
| Schiller et al. 41 | Number of cigarettes, smoking topography | 1-hr ad lib smoking period in the laboratory | See notea | See notea | Number of cigarettes smoked not associated with estradiol, progesterone, or estradiol to progesterone ratio. A larger number of puffs were significantly associated with lower levels of progesterone relative to estradiol. Greater intensity of puffs was associated with larger decreases in progesterone and estradiol from the baseline assessment to the laboratory appointment (a 1–2 week period of time). |
| Sofuoglu et al. 43 | Number of cigarettes | 2-hr ad lib smoking period in the laboratory | See noteb | See noteb | No significant differences for progesterone vs. placebo |
| Allen, Mooney, et al. 47 | Number of cigarettes | 2-hr ad lib smoking period in the laboratory | 4 | Follicular, luteal, late luteal, menstrual | Greater smoking during menstrual phase compared to the follicular phase |
| Allen, Allen, and Pomerleau 49 | CPD | Daily smoking log for 4 weeks | 2 | Follicular, luteal | No significant differences by menstrual cycle phase |
| Pomerleau et al. 56 | CPD | Daily smoking log or 4 weeks | 5 | Post-menses, ovulation, post-ovulation, premenstrual, menstrual | Significant difference among phases in omnibus test, no post doc test reached significance, tread toward greater smoking in post-menses than postovulatory phase. |
| Snively et al. 57 | CPD | Daily smoking log for 8 weeks | 2 | Mid-to-late follicular, late luteal | Greater smoking in late luteal phase compared to mid-to-late follicular phase |
| Nicotine boost | Inpatient observation | 2 | Mid-to-late follicular, late luteal | No significant differences in nicotine boost by menstrual cycle phase | |
| Allen et al. 59 | CPD | Inpatient observation | 2 | Follicular, luteal | No significant differences by menstrual cycle phase |
| Allen et al. 60 | CPD | Daily smoking log for three days during each cycle phase | 3 | Follicular, luteal, late luteal | No significant differences by menstrual cycle phase |
| DeBon et al. 61 | CPD | Daily smoking log for one cycle | 5 | Follicular, ovulation, early luteal, late luteal, menstrual | Greater smoking during menstrual and luteal phases compared to ovulation |
| Marks et al. 62 | 6-point scale: 1 (not at all) to 6 (extreme) | Daily smoking log for two cycles | 5 | Post-menses, ovulation, post-ovulation, premenstrual, menstrual | Greater smoking during menstrual phase than post-ovulation phase |
| Pomerleau et al. 63 | CPD | Daily smoking log for 6 weeks | 5 | Post-menses, ovulation, post-ovulation, premenstrual, menstrual | No significant differences by menstrual cycle phase |
| Pomerleau et al. 64 | Nicotine intake | Smoking one cigarette in the laboratory | 3 | Early follicular, mid-to- late follicular, late luteal | Trend level effect (p < .10) of phase on nicotine intake (mid-to-late follicular > early follicular and late luteal). |
| Craig et al. 65 | Smoking reduction (% change) | Percent reduction in smoking on “no smoking” days | 2 | Midcycle, premenstrual | Greater smoking reduction in participant asked not to smoke for two days during the midcycle phase (90%) compared to premenstrual (i.e., late luteal) phase (78%). |
| Steinberg and Cherek 67 | Number of cigarettes, smoking topography | 2-hr ad lib smoking period in the laboratory | 3 | Premenstrual, menstrual, other | Greater smoking during menstrual phase compared to premenstrual and other phases. Participants took more puffs from their cigarettes and had longer puff durations when assessed during the “menstrual phase” (defined by the authors as a testing session on a day that “menstrual flow occurred” based on participant self-report; that is, the beginning of the follicular phase) compared to the “premenstrual” (5 days before menses onset) or “other” (any day that was not classified in one of the other two conditions) phases. |
| Mello et al. 68 | Change in CPD | Inpatient observation | 2 | 5 days before premenstrual phase, premenstrual | The majority of participants (70%) increase d their smoking during premenstrual phase by an average of 2.68 (SD = 0.44) CPD |
CPD = cigarettes per day. The menstrual phase (i.e., menses) occurs during the early portion of the follicular phase.
aOutcomes were examined by measurement of ovarian hormone levels.
bStudy of progesterone vs. placebo; all women participated during the early follicular phase.