Table 1. Characteristics of Study Participants.
| Variables | Total (n = 817) | Male (n = 418) | Female (n = 399) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 15.8 ± 0.3 | 15.8 ± 0.3 | 15.8 ± 0.3 | 0.989 |
| Height, cm | 165.7 ± 7.8 | 171.4 ± 5.4 | 159.7 ± 5.0 | <.001 |
| Weight, kg | 59.7 ± 10.8 | 65.1 ± 10.8 | 54.0 ± 7.3 | <.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.7 ± 3.0 | 22.1 ± 3.3 | 21.1 ± 2.6 | <.001 |
| WC, cm | 73.6 ± 7.7 | 75.3 ± 8.4 | 71.9 ± 6.6 | <.001 |
| WHR | 0.78 ± 0.05 | 0.80 ± 0.05 | 0.77 ± 0.04 | <.001 |
| WHtR | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.44 ± 0.05 | 0.45 ± 0.04 | <.001 |
| SFT, cm | 16.1 ± 6.2 | 13.5 ± 5.7 | 18.9 ± 5.4 | <.001 |
| Percent body fat* | 21.4 ± 7.7 | 16.6 ± 6.3 | 26.4 ± 5.5 | <.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 108 ± 12 | 113 ± 12 | 103 ± 11 | <.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 59 ± 7 | 60 ± 7 | 59 ± 7 | 0.421 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 154 ± 26 | 148 ± 26 | 161 ± 25 | <.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 44 ± 9 | 41 ± 8 | 47 ± 9 | <.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 81 ± 29 | 83 ± 31 | 78 ± 27 | 0.015 |
| Total/HDL-cholesterol ratio | 3.59 ± 0.77 | 3.68 ± 0.82 | 3.49 ± 0.71 | <.001 |
| AST, IU/l | 20 ± 6 | 22 ± 4 | 18 ± 3 | <.001 |
| ALT, IU/l | 16 ± 10 | 19 ± 12 | 13 ± 5 | <.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 88 ± 7 | 90 ± 7 | 87 ± 7 | <.001 |
| Fasting insulin, uIU/mL | 8.7 ± 3.2 | 8.7 ± 3.4 | 8.7 ± 2.9 | 0.867 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.91 ± 0.79 | 1.94 ± 0.86 | 1.87 ± 0.70 | 0.229 |
| Weight-for-height ≥95 percentile | 51 (6.2%) | 26 (6.2%) | 25 (6.3%) | 0.367 |
| BMI-for-age ≥95 percentile | 50 (6.1%) | 28 (6.7%) | 22 (5.5%) | 0.464 |
| WC-for-age ≥95 percentile | 45 (5.5%) | 15 (3.6%) | 30 (7.5%) | <.001 |
| SFT-for-age ≥95 percentile | 53 (6.5%) | 18 (4.3%) | 35 (8.8%) | 0.067 |
| WHR ≥95 percentile | 42 (5.1%) | 21 (5.0%) | 21 (5.3%) | 0.999 |
| WHtR ≥95 percentile | 39 (4.8%) | 20 (4.8%) | 19 (4.8%) | 0.999 |
| Percent body fat ≥95 percentile | 29 (5.4%) | 15 (5.4%) | 14 (5.3%) | 0.999 |
| Ever smoker ≥100 cigarette | 7 (0.9%) | 6 (1.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.145 |
| Alcohol intake ≥1/month | 23 (2.8%) | 14 (3.3%) | 9 (2.3%) | 0.345 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; SFT, skin-fold thickness; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance.
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or number (%)
*Percent body fat was measured in 541 adolescents (277 males and 264 females).