Table 3.

Unadjusted and Adjusted Association Between Mean Sleep Duration and Executive Functioning Measures

	Mean ± SD	Model 1 Slope ± se p-value	Model 2 Slope ± se p-value	Model 3 Slope ± se p-value
Primary Outcomes
BRIEF: GEC	52.0 ± 11.4	−0.79 ± 0.73 P=0.28	−0.66 ± 0.74 P=0.37	−0.31 ± 0.76 P=0.69
D-KEFS: Tower Test, Total Achievement	9.20 ± 3.10	0.15 ± 0.20 P=0.46	0.15 ± 0.20 P=0.44	0.05 ± 0.20 P=0.82
Secondary Outcomes
BRIEF: Metacognition Index	52.4 ± 10.9	−0.81 ± 0.69 P=0.24	−0.69 ± 0.70 P=0.32	−0.42 ± 0.72 P=0.56
BRIEF: Behavioral Regulation Index	50.9 ± 12.3	−0.74 ± 0.78 P=0.34	−0.63 ± 0.80 P=0.43	−0.21 ± 0.81 P=0.80
D-KEFS: Trail Making Test, Number-Letter Switching	8.16 ± 3.69	0.29 ± 0.23 P=0.21	0.29 ± 0.23 P=0.21	0.13 ± 0.23 P=0.58
D-KEFS: Verbal Fluency Test, Letter Fluency	10.13 ± 3.33	0.10 ± 0.21 P=0.62	0.11 ± 0.21 P=0.61	0.11 ± 0.22 P=0.61
D-KEFS: Verbal Fluency Test, Category Fluency	11.36 ± 3.08	−0.13 ± 0.20 P=0.51	−0.17 ± 0.20 P=0.41	−0.18 ± 0.20 P=0.36
D-KEFS: Verbal Fluency Test, Category Switching Total Correct Responses	10.23 ± 3.00	0.04 ± 0.19 P=0.83	−0.03 ± 0.19 P=0.88	−0.06 ± 0.20 P=0.77
D-KEFS: Color-Word Interference Test, Inhibition/Switching	8.77 ± 2.75	0.37 ± 0.17 P=0.03	0.36 ± 0.17 P=0.04	0.25 ± 0.17 P=0.15
D-KEFS: Sorting Test, Confirmed Correct Sorts	9.42 ± 2.67	0.20 ± 0.17 P=0.23	0.16 ± 0.17 P=0.36	0.06 ± 0.16 P=0.72
D-KEFS: Sorting Test, Free Sorting Description	9.46 ± 2.75	0.09 ± 0.18 P=0.60	0.06 ± 0.18 P=0.75	−0.04 ± 0.17 P=0.83

Each beta value represents the estimated difference in the value of the executive functioning for each one hour increase in sleep duration

Model 1: Unadjusted

Model 2: Adjusted for subject characteristics (age, gender and preterm status)

Model 3: Adjusted for subject characteristics and socio-economic measures (caregiver education, household income and neighborhood median income)